Fabrication and Optimization of Primary Batteries Using Ni/Graphene Nanosheet Electrodes
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Keywords:
-
Electrical Conductivity , Electrode , Ni/GNS , Primary Battery
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the impact of varying the mass ratio of Ni to Graphene Nano Sheets (GNS) and how incorporating GNS affects the performance of a primary battery prototype (Ni/GNS//electrolyte//GNS). The primary battery prototype was developed using both impregnation and alloy methods. Different mass ratios of Ni/GNS to electrolyte to GNS were tested, including ratios of 1:2:1 (A), 2:2:1 (B), 1:2:2 (C), 2:1:2 (D), and 1:1:2 (E). The characterization of GNS, Ni/GNS, and the primary battery prototype involved using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) instruments. A multimeter was employed to measure electrical conductivity, energy density, and power density. A potentiostat/galvanostat was used to measure cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). XRD analysis showed a broad and weak peak at 2θ= 24.32° for GNS, confirming its successful synthesis. Additionally, a peak at 2θ = 43.5° indicated effective deposition of Ni on the GNS surface in Ni/GNS. The SEM-EDX results supported the XRD findings, showing regularly spaced pores and a thin surface layer in GNS. Notably, white spots on the graphene surface in Ni/GNS indicated successful Ni deposition. In terms of electrical conductivity, the highest value was observed in the primary battery prototype for sample D (2:1:2), which measured 1.11 S/cm2. These results were also supported by measurements of energy density and power density in sample D, which achieved the highest values among all samples, with 144,788 Wh/kg and 252,500 W/kg, respectively. Moreover, the CV and EIS measurements remained stable at 0.30 kΩ and 0.88 kΩ, suggesting that GNS could potentially conduct electrons owing to its electrical conductivity.
References
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Murata, H., Y. Nakajima, N. Saitoh, N. Yoshizawa, T. Suemasu, and K. Toko (2019). High-Electrical Conductivity Multilayer Graphene Formed by Layer Exchange with Controlled Thickness and Interlayer. Scientific reports, 9(1); 4068
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Sookhakian, M., G. B. Tong, and Y. Alias (2020). In-Situ Electrodeposition of Rhodium Nanoparticles Anchored on Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets As an Efficient Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalyst. Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 34(3); e5370
Sun, B., W. Tang, H. Xiang, W. Xu, Y. Cong, G. Yuan, H. Zhu, Q. Zhang, and X. Li (2022). Improving Electron and Ion Transport by Constructing 3D Graphene Nanosheets Sandwiched between Porous Carbon Nanolayers Produced from Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Resin for High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes. New Carbon Materials, 37(3); 564–574
Supeno, M. and R. Siburian (2020). New Route: Convertion of Coconut Shell Tobe Graphite and Graphene Nano Sheets. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 32(1); 189–190
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Tian, H., W. Bao, Y. Jiang, L. Wang, L. Zhang, O. Sha, C. Wu, and F. Gao (2018). Fabrication of Ni-Al LDH/Nitramine-N-Doped Graphene Hybrid Composites Via a Novel Self-Assembly Process for Hybrid Supercapacitors. Chemical Engineering Journal, 354; 1132–1140
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An, X., C. Liu, J. Liu, J. Liu, and Y. Liu (2024). Reconstructing Hydrogen Bond Network with Chaotropic Salt Enables Low-Temperature and Long-Life Nickel-Zinc Batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 596; 234096
Baqiya, M. A., A. Y. Nugraheni, W. Islamiyah, A. F. Kurniawan, M. M. Ramli, S. Yamaguchi, Y. Furukawa, S. Soontaranon, E. G. R. Putra, and Y. Cahyono (2020). Structural Study on Graphene-Based Particles Prepared from Old Coconut Shell by Acid–Assisted Mechanical Exfoliation. Advanced Powder Technology, 31(5); 2072–2078
Casas-Cabanas, M., M. D. Radin, J. Kim, C. P. Grey, A. Van der Ven, and M. R. Palacín (2018). The Nickel Battery Positive Electrode Revisited: Stability and Structure of the β-Niooh Phase. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 6(39); 19256–19265
Chameh, B., M. H. Saznaghi, T. Shahalizade, S. Javanmardi, H. Samandari, M. Molababaei, B. Raissi, A. Aghaei, M. S. Yaghmaee, and R. Riahifar (2024). Electrophoretic Deposition of Graphene Oxide As a Stabilizing Layer on the Ni-Rich Layered Oxide Electrodes for Enhancing the Cycling Stability of Li-Ion Cathodes. Journal of Energy Storage, 81; 110415
Chang, J., Z. Hu, J. Li, D. Wu, Z. Lian, F. Xu, K. Jiang, and Z. Gao (2021). Ultrathin NiAl Layered Double Hydroxide-Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite Nanosheets Array with High Battery Performances for Hybrid Supercapacitor and Hybrid Battery. Applied Surface Science, 538; 148106
Chen, X., Y. Jia, Z. Shi, Q. Le, J. Li, M. Zhang, M. Liu, and A. Atrens (2021a). Understanding the Discharge Behavior of an Ultra-High-Purity Mg Anode for Mg–Air Primary Batteries. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 9(37); 21387–21401
Chen, X., X. Liu, Q. Le, M. Zhang, M. Liu, and A. Atrens (2021b). A Comprehensive Review of the Development of Magnesium Anodes for Primary Batteries. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 9(21); 12367–12399
Cui, Z. and A. Manthiram (2023). Thermal Stability and Out-gassing Behaviors of High-Nickel Cathodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 62(43); e202307243
Dahal, A. and M. Batzill (2014). Graphene–Nickel Interfaces: A Review. Nanoscale, 6(5); 2548–2562
Diantoro, M., I. Istiqomah, O. P. D. Lestari, Y. Al Fath, Y. Yudyanto, C. I. Yogihati, M. Munasir, D. H. Kusumawati, and Z. B. Aspanut (2023). A Comprehensive Study of Binder Polymer for Supercapattery Electrode Based on Activated Carbon and Nickel-Silicon Composite. Materials Science for Energy Technologies, 6; 368–381
Dixit, M., B. Markovsky, F. Schipper, D. Aurbach, and D. T. Major (2017). Origin of Structural Degradation during Cycling and Low Thermal Stability of Ni-Rich Layered Transition Metal-Based Electrode Materials. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 121(41); 22628–22636
Feng, J. and Z. Guo (2019). Wettability of Graphene: From Influencing Factors and Reversible Conversions to Potential Applications. Nanoscale Horizons, 4(2); 339–364
Ha, S., C. Lim, and Y.-S. Lee (2022). Fluorination Methods and the Properties of Fluorinated Carbon Materials for Use As Lithium Primary Battery Cathode Materials. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 111; 1–17
He, L., G. Wang, N. u. R. Lashari, Z. Guo, and M. Li (2023). Polypyrrole-Derived Carbon Coated NiCoMn Layered Double Hydroxides for High-Performance Supercapacitors. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 6(18); 16400–16413
Hu, X., L. Xu, X. Lin, and M. Pecht (2020). Battery Lifetime Prognostics. Joule, 4(2); 310–346
Kirubasankar, B., V. Murugadoss, J. Lin, T. Ding, M. Dong, H. Liu, J. Zhang, T. Li, N. Wang, and Z. Guo (2018). In Situ Grown Nickel Selenide on Graphene Nanohybrid Electrodes for High Energy Density Asymmetric Supercapacitors. Nanoscale, 10(43); 20414–20425
Kong, X., Y. Zhu, H. Lei, C. Wang, Y. Zhao, E. Huo, X. Lin, Q. Zhang, M. Qian, and W. Mateo (2020). Synthesis of Graphene-Like Carbon from Biomass Pyrolysis and Its Applications. Chemical Engineering Journal, 399; 125808
Krawczyk, P., B. Gurzęda, and A. Bachar (2019). Thermal Exfoliation of Electrochemically Obtained Graphitic Materials. Applied Surface Science, 481; 466–472
Kumar, R., S. Sahoo, E. Joanni, R. K. Singh, K. Maegawa, W. K. Tan, G. Kawamura, K. K. Kar, and A. Matsuda (2020). Heteroatom Doped Graphene Engineering for Energy Storage and Conversion. Materials Today, 39; 47–65
Lee, S., J. Hwang, C. Park, S. Ahn, K. Do, S. Kim, and H. Ahn (2023). Efficient and Scalable Encapsulation Process of Highly Conductive 1T-MoS2 Nanosheets on Ni-Rich LiNi0.83Co0.11Mn0.06O2 Cathode Materials for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries. Chemical Engineering Journal, 470; 144209
Lim, K. J. H., G. Yilmaz, Y.-F. Lim, and G. W. Ho (2018). Multi-compositional Hierarchical Nanostructured Ni3S2@MoSx/NiO Electrodes for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Generation and Energy Storage. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 6(41); 20491–20499
Mahmood, M., S. Zulfiqar, M. F. Warsi, M. Aadil, I. Shakir, S. Haider, P. O. Agboola, and M. Shahid (2022). Nanostructured V2O5 and Its Nanohybrid with Mxene As an Efficient Electrode Material for Electrochemical Capacitor Applications. Ceramics International, 48(2); 2345–2354
Manalu, A., K. Tarigan, S. Humaidi, M. Ginting, K. Sebayang, M. Rianna, M. Hamid, A. Subhan, P. Sebayang, and I. P. Manalu (2022). Synthesis, Microstructure and Electrical Properties of NiCo2O4/rGO Composites as Pseudocapacitive Electrode for Supercapacitors. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 17(3); 22036
Meng, Q.-L., H.-C. Liu, Z. Huang, S. Kong, X. Lu, P. Tomkins, P. Jiang, and X. Bao (2016). Mixed Conduction Properties of Pristine Bulk Graphene Oxide. Carbon, 101; 338–344
Moulai, F., B. Messaoudi, L. Zerroual, T. Hadjersi, and A. Achour (2020). Assembled Manganese and Its Nanostructured Manganese Dioxide Rich Electrodes for a New Primary Battery. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 244; 122717
Murata, H., Y. Nakajima, N. Saitoh, N. Yoshizawa, T. Suemasu, and K. Toko (2019). High-Electrical Conductivity Multilayer Graphene Formed by Layer Exchange with Controlled Thickness and Interlayer. Scientific reports, 9(1); 4068
Ong, H. C., W. Chen, Y. Singh, Y. Y. Gan, C. Chen, and P. L. Show (2020). A State-Of-The-Art Review on Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass for Biofuel Production: A TG-FTIR Approach. Energy Conversion and Management, 209; 112634
Otgonbayar, Z., K. N. Fatema, S. Yang, I. Kim, M. Kim, S. E. Shim, and W. Oh (2021). Temperature Dependence for High Electrical Performance of Mn-Doped High Surface Area Activated Carbon (HSAC) As Additives for Hybrid Capacitor. Scientific Reports, 11(1); 534
Porzio, J. and C. D. Scown (2021). Life-Cycle Assessment Considerations for Batteries and Battery Materials. Advanced Energy Materials, 11(33); 2100771
Reyes, C., R. Somogyi, S. Niu, M. A. Cruz, F. Yang, M. J. Catenacci, C. P. Rhodes, and B. J. Wiley (2018). Three-Dimensional Printing of a Complete Lithium Ion Battery with Fused Filament Fabrication. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 1(10); 5268–5279
Saleh, A., F. A. Amhadin, and I. Novianty (2022). Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Zinc Oxide Composite from Candlenut Shell Charcoal (Aleuritas moluccana). Elkawnie: Journal of Islamic Science and Technology, 8(1); 1–11
Sayahpour, B., H. Hirsh, S. Bai, N. B. Schorr, T. N. Lambert, M. Mayer, W. Bao, D. Cheng, M. Zhang, and K. Leung (2022). Revisiting Discharge Mechanism of CFx As a High Energy Density Cathode Material for Lithium Primary Battery. Advanced Energy Materials, 12(5); 2103196
Siburian, R., R. Goei, H. Manurung, S. P. Aritonang, C. Simanjuntak, F. Hutagalung, I. Anshori, Y. Alias, S. Paiman, and J. Affi (2023a). Distribution Model of Iron (Fe) on Fe/graphene Nano Sheets. Ceramics International, 49(17); 28571–28579
Siburian, R., F. Hutagalung, O. Silitonga, S. Paiman, L. Simatupang, C. Simanjuntak, S. P. Aritonang, Y. Alias, L. Jing, and R. Goei (2023b). The New Materials for Battery Electrode Prototypes. Materials, 16(2); 555
Siburian, R., S. Paiman, F. Hutagalung, L. Simatupang, R. Goei, and M. M. Rusop (2022). Developing Nickel/Graphene Nano Sheets As an Alternative Primary Battery Anode. Ceramics International, 48(9); 12897–12905
Siburian, R. and O. Silitonga (2022). Performance of Primary Battery Prototype: Cu/Graphene Nano Sheets//Electrolyte//C-π (Graphite, Graphene Nano Sheets, N–Graphene Nano Sheets). In AIP Conference Proceedings, volume 2638. AIP Publishing
Siburian, R., L. W. Tang, Y. Alias, A. I. Y. Tok, R. Goei, C. Simanjuntak, K. Tarigan, S. Paiman, B. T. Goh, and I. Anshori (2023c). Coconut Waste to Green Nanomaterial: Large Scale Synthesis of N Doped Graphene Nano Sheets. Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects, 36; 101061
Song, Z., C. Zhang, X. Fu, H. Zhang, J. Xian, and J. Lin (2021). Graphene Nanosheet As a New Particle Dispersant for the Jet-Electrodeposition of High-Performance Ni-PWC Composite Coatings. Surface and Coatings Technology, 425; 127740
Sookhakian, M., G. B. Tong, and Y. Alias (2020). In-Situ Electrodeposition of Rhodium Nanoparticles Anchored on Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets As an Efficient Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalyst. Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 34(3); e5370
Sun, B., W. Tang, H. Xiang, W. Xu, Y. Cong, G. Yuan, H. Zhu, Q. Zhang, and X. Li (2022). Improving Electron and Ion Transport by Constructing 3D Graphene Nanosheets Sandwiched between Porous Carbon Nanolayers Produced from Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Resin for High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes. New Carbon Materials, 37(3); 564–574
Supeno, M. and R. Siburian (2020). New Route: Convertion of Coconut Shell Tobe Graphite and Graphene Nano Sheets. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 32(1); 189–190
Takasu, Y. and Y. Murakami (2000). Design of Oxide Electrodes with Large Surface Area. Electrochimica Acta, 45(25- 26); 4135–4141
Tian, H., W. Bao, Y. Jiang, L. Wang, L. Zhang, O. Sha, C. Wu, and F. Gao (2018). Fabrication of Ni-Al LDH/Nitramine-N-Doped Graphene Hybrid Composites Via a Novel Self-Assembly Process for Hybrid Supercapacitors. Chemical Engineering Journal, 354; 1132–1140
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Authors
Tarigan, K., Siburian, R., Sitorus, E. A. M., Purba, F. J., & Manik, Y. G. O. . (2024). Fabrication and Optimization of Primary Batteries Using Ni/Graphene Nanosheet Electrodes. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(2), 413–426. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2024.9.2.413-426
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