Preparation of KI/KIO3/Methoxide Kaolin Catalyst and Performance Test of Catalysis in Biodiesel Production
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Keywords:
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Biodiesel, Catalyst Characterization, Impregnation, Kaolin, Transesterification
Abstract
Kaolin is a natural ingredient that is in abundance and has not been widely used. Kaolin is a source of silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) so that it can be used as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production. This research aims to examine the influence of using impregnated kaolin as a heterogeneous catalyst on production of biodiesel. Research methods include calcination of natural kaolin, impregnation of kaolin using KI, KIO3, and preparation of kaolin-methoxide in various concentrations, as well as biodiesel production using an impregnated kaolin catalyst. The catalyst was characterized using XRD and SEM. The catalyst was tested for basicity using the Hammet indicator method with acid-base titration. The biodiesel product obtained was analyzed using GCMS. The results of XRD analysis showed that 8% kaolin-methoxide catalyst had the highest crystallinity among the others. The crystallinity obtained was 87.84% with a composition of 15.79% SiO2 and 78.86% Al2O3. SEM image results also show a more visible crystal shape. The highest basicity of the catalyst obtained was 0.240 mmol. The highest biodiesel yield using 8% kaolin-methoxide catalyst is 99.48%.
References
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Widayat, W., H. Hadiyanto, P. W. A. Wardani, U. Az Zuhra, and J. Prameswari (2020b). Preparation of KI/Hydroxyapatite Catalyst from Phosphate Rocks and Its Application for Improvement of Biodiesel Production. Molecules, 25(11); 2565
Xie, W., H. Peng, and L. Chen (2006). Transesterification of Soybean Oil Catalyzed by Potassium Loaded on Alumina As a Solid-Base Catalyst. Applied Catalysis A: General, 300(1); 67–74
Yue, Y., P. Zhang, W. Wang, Y. Cai, F. Tan, X. Wang, X. Qiao, and P. K. Wong (2020). Enhanced Dark Adsorption and Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Properties of Narrower Band-Gap Cu2SDecorated Cu2O Nanocomposites for Efficient Removal of Organic Pollutants. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 384; 121302
Zhang, J., S. Chen, R. Yang, and Y. Yan (2010). Biodiesel Production from Vegetable Oil Using Heterogenous Acid and Alkali Catalyst. Fuel, 89(10); 2939–2944
Babajide, O., N. Musyoka, L. Petrik, and F. Ameer (2012). Novel Zeolite Na-X Synthesized from Fly Ash As a Heterogeneous Catalyst in Biodiesel Production. Catalysis Today, 190(1); 54–60
Buchori, L., I. Istadi, and P. Purwanto (2016). Advanced Chemical Reactor Technologies for Biodiesel Production from Vegetable Oils-A Review. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 11(3); 406–430
Buchori, L., W. Widayat, O. Muraza, M. I. Amali, R. W. Maulida, and J. Prameswari (2020). Effect of Temperature and Concentration of Zeolite Catalysts from Geothermal Solid Waste in Biodiesel Production from Used Cooking Oil by Esterification-Transesterification Process. Processes, 8(12); 1629
Dang, T. H., B. H. Chen, and D. J. Lee (2013). Application of Kaolin-Based Catalysts in Biodiesel Production Via Transesterification of Vegetable Oils in Excess Methanol. Bioresource Technology, 145; 175–181
Gao, Z., X. Li, H. Wu, S. Zhao, W. Deligeer, and S. Asuha (2015). Magnetic Modification of Acid Activated Kaolin: Synthesis, Characterization, and Adsorptive Properties. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 202; 1–7
Júnior, O. d. S. L., R. M. Cavalcanti, T. M. de Matos, R. S. Angélica, G. N. da Rocha Filho, and I. d. C. L. Barros (2013). Esterification of Oleic Acid Using 12-Tungstophosphoric Supported in Flint Kaolin of the Amazonia. Fuel, 108; 604–611
Karimi, S. and M. Saidi (2024). Application of Nano Hydrophobic Sulfated Mordenite As a Novel Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Neem Seed-Derived Oil by Electrochemical Method. Energy Conversion and Management, 299; 117886
Khan, M. A. H., S. Bonifacio, J. Clowes, A. Foulds, R. Holland, J. C. Matthews, C. J. Percival, and D. E. Shallcross (2021). Investigation of Biofuel As a Potential Renewable Energy Source. Atmosphere, 12(10); 1289
Kibar, M. E., L. Hilal, B. T. Çapa, B. Bahçıvanlar, and B. B. Abdeljelil (2023). Assessment of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts in Transesterification Reaction: A Mini Review. ChemBioEng Reviews, 10(4); 412–422
Kouzu, M., T. Kasuno, M. Tajika, Y. Sugimoto, S. Yamanaka, and J. Hidaka (2008). Calcium Oxide As a Solid Base Catalyst for Transesterification of Soybean Oil and Its Application to Biodiesel Production. Fuel, 87(12); 2798–2806
Liew, Y. M., H. Kamarudin, A. M. Al Bakri, M. Luqman, I. K. Nizar, C. M. Ruzaidi, and C. Y. Heah (2012). Processing and Characterization of Calcined Kaolin Cement Powder. Construction and Building Materials, 30; 794–802
Ling, J. S. J., Y. H. Tan, N. M. Mubarak, J. Kansedo, A. Saptoro, and C. Nolasco-Hipolito (2019). A Review of Heterogeneous Calcium Oxide Based Catalyst from Waste for Biodiesel Synthesis. SN Applied Sciences, 1(810); 1–8
Mandari, V. and S. K. Devarai (2022). Biodiesel Production Using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Enzyme Catalysts Via Transesterification and Esterification Reactions: A Critical Review. BioEnergy Research, 15(2); 935–961
Nayab, R., M. Imran, M. Ramzan, M. Tariq, M. B. Taj, M. N. Akhtar, and H. M. Iqbal (2022). Sustainable Biodiesel Production Via Catalytic and Non-Catalytic Transesterification of Feedstock Materials–A Review. Fuel, 328; 125254
O’Brien, R., L. Jones, C. King, P. Wakelyn, and P. Wan (2005). Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Sixth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., chapter Cottonseed Oil: Chapter 5
Pasha, M. K., L. Dai, D. Liu, W. Du, and M. Guo (2021). Biodiesel Production with Enzymatic Technology: Progress and Perspectives. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 15(5); 1526–1548
Rahim, S. A. N. M., C. S. Lee, F. Abnisa, M. K. Aroua, W. A. W. Daud, P. Cognet, and Y. Pérès (2020). A Review of Recent Developments on Kinetics Parameters for Glycerol Electrochemical Conversion–A By-Product of Biodiesel. Science of the Total Environment, 705; 135137
Salaheldeen, M., A. A. Mariod, M. K. Aroua, S. A. Rahman, M. E. M. Soudagar, and I. R. Fattah (2021). Current State and Perspectives on Transesterification of Triglycerides for Biodiesel Production. Catalysts, 11(9); 1121
Singh, D., D. Sharma, S. Soni, S. Sharma, P. K. Sharma, and A. Jhalani (2020). A Review on Feedstocks, Production Processes, and Yield for Different Generations of Biodiesel. Fuel, 262; 116553
Sulaiman, N. F., A. R. Yacob, and S. L. Lee (2020). Transesterification Reaction from Rice Bran Oil to Biodiesel over Heterogeneous Base Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles Catalyst. Science and Technology Indonesia, 5(3); 62
Takase, M., R. Kipkoech, D. L. Miller, and E. K. Buami (2023). Optimisation of the Reaction Conditions for Biodiesel from Parkia Biglobosa Oil Via Transesterification with Heterogeneous Clay Base Catalyst. Fuel Communications, 15; 100089
Taufiq Yap, Y. H., N. F. Abdullah, and M. Basri (2011). Biodiesel Production Via Transesterification of Palm Oil Using NaOH/Al2O3 Catalysts. Sains Malaysia, 40(6); 587–594
Widayat, W., H. Hadiyanto, E. Purbaningdyah, I. Suryanto, A. Budiman, A. Roesyadi, and K. Kusimiyati (2020a). Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil Using Heterogeneous Catalysts KI/????-Al2O3. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science, 15(3); 107–112
Widayat, W., H. Hadiyanto, P. W. A. Wardani, U. Az Zuhra, and J. Prameswari (2020b). Preparation of KI/Hydroxyapatite Catalyst from Phosphate Rocks and Its Application for Improvement of Biodiesel Production. Molecules, 25(11); 2565
Xie, W., H. Peng, and L. Chen (2006). Transesterification of Soybean Oil Catalyzed by Potassium Loaded on Alumina As a Solid-Base Catalyst. Applied Catalysis A: General, 300(1); 67–74
Yue, Y., P. Zhang, W. Wang, Y. Cai, F. Tan, X. Wang, X. Qiao, and P. K. Wong (2020). Enhanced Dark Adsorption and Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Properties of Narrower Band-Gap Cu2SDecorated Cu2O Nanocomposites for Efficient Removal of Organic Pollutants. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 384; 121302
Zhang, J., S. Chen, R. Yang, and Y. Yan (2010). Biodiesel Production from Vegetable Oil Using Heterogenous Acid and Alkali Catalyst. Fuel, 89(10); 2939–2944
Authors
Buchori, L., Widayat, Ngadi, N., Hadiyanto, & Okvitarini, N. (2024). Preparation of KI/KIO3/Methoxide Kaolin Catalyst and Performance Test of Catalysis in Biodiesel Production. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(2), 359–370. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2024.9.2.359-370
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