The Effects of Beta-Ionone Addition in Perfume on Behavior and Serum Cortisol Level of Stress-Induced Mice
Article Sidebar
Keywords:
-
Beta-Ionone , Mental Health , Stress , Perfume , Serum Cortisol
Abstract
Stress is a condition that triggers a change in behavior and physiological state, affecting mental health. Beta-Ionone is a monocyclic terpenoid compound that can lower stress levels. However, there is a lack of studies about the anti-stress capability of Beta-Ionone inhalation, although Beta-Ionone is commonly used as a fragrance in perfumes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Beta-Ionone addition as the fragrance in perfumes on mice stress. The Beta-Ionone perfume was formulated with Bergamot Oil, Lavender Oil, Eucalyptus Oil, Tea Tree Oil, and Patchouli Oil to produce Fem, Fem-Ion (Fem + Beta-Ionone), Masc, and Masc-Ion (Fem + Beta-Ionone), which had different preferable odors. The anti-stress effectivity was then evaluated in stress induced mice, which were restrained for one hour every day for one week. The perfumes were then given by inhalation every alternate day. The stress level of the mice was evaluated using a tail suspension test and serum cortisol level assays. The results showed that inhalation of the perfumes lowered the immobility time of mice in the tail suspension test, albeit the addition of Beta Ionone did not give a significant difference. Based on the results of serum cortisol level, there was a substantial decrease in serum cortisol by inhaling the Fem and Fem-Ion, showing decreases in stress level. However, there were increases in serum cortisol levels for Masc and Masc-Ion, indicating stress induction, which was suggested to be caused by 1,8-cineole, a compound in the Eucalyptus oil as the perfume oil components.
References
Badan Standarisasi Nasional (National Standardization Agency) (1998). SNI 16-4949-1998: Sediaan Eau de Cologne, Eau de Toilette, Eau de Parfum. Badan Standardisasi Nasional, Jakarta, Indonesia
Barret, K., S. Barman, H. Brooks, and J. Yuan (2019). Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology. McGraw-Hill Education, New York, Twenty Sixth Edition
Binder, M. D., N. Hirokawa, and U. Windhorst (2009). Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, volume 3166. Springer Berlin, Germany
Bombail, V. (2019). Perception and Emotions: On the Relationships between Stress and Olfaction. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 212; 98–108
Borotová, P., L. Galovičová, N. L. Vukovic, M. Vukic, E. Tvrdá, and M. Kačániová (2022). Chemical and Biological Characterization of Melaleuca Alternifolia Essential Oil. Plants, 11(4); 558
Contrada, R. and A. Baum (2010). The Handbook of Stress Science: Biology, Psychology, and Health. Springer Publishing Company, New York
De Figueiredo, C. S., P. C. Sandre, L. C. L. Portugal, T. Mázala-de Oliveira, L. da Silva Chagas, Í. Raony, E. S. Ferreira, E. Giestal-de Araujo, A. A. Dos Santos, and P. O.-S. Bomfim (2021). COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Children and Adolescents’ Mental Health: Biological, Environmental, and Social Factors. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 106; 110171
Dedic, N., A. Chen, and J. M. Deussing (2018). The CRF Family of Neuropeptides and Their Receptors-Mediators of the Central Stress Response. Current Molecular Pharmacology, 11(1); 4-31
Dziurkowska, E. and M. Wesolowski (2021). Cortisol As a Biomarker of Mental Disorder Severity. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(21); 5204
Gonçalves, G. M. S., S. M. Srebernich, B. G. Vercelino, and B. M. Zampieri (2013). Influence of the Presence and Type of Fragrance on the Sensory Perception of Cosmetic Formulations. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 56; 203–212
Gong, S., Y. Miao, G. Jiao, M. Sun, H. Li, J. Lin, M. Luo, and J. Tan (2015). Dynamics and Correlation of Serum Cortisol and Corticosterone under Different Physiological or Stressful Conditions in Mice. PloS One, 10(2); e0117503
Haehner, A., H. Maass, I. Croy, and T. Hummel (2017). Influence of Room Fragrance on Attention, Anxiety and Mood. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 32(1); 24–28
Hall, J. and M. Hall (2021). Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology. Elsevier, Philadelphia, Fourteenth Edition. Elsevier Inc.
Hoch, C. C., J. Petry, L. Griesbaum, T. Weiser, K. Werner, M. Ploch, A. Verschoor, G. Multhoff, A. B. Dezfouli, and B. Wollenberg (2023). 1, 8-Cineole (Eucalyptol): A Versatile Phytochemical with Therapeutic Applications across Multiple Diseases. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 167; 115467
Ichu, C. and H. Nwakanma (2019). Comparative Study of the Physicochemical Characterization and Quality of Edible Vegetable Oils. International Journal of Research in Informative Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT), 3(2); 1–9
Kageyama, K., Y. Iwasaki, and M. Daimon (2021). Hypothalamic Regulation of Corticotropin Releasing Factor under Stress and Stress Resilience. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(22); 12242
Kim, K. Y., H. J. Seo, S. S. Min, M. Park, and G. H. Seol (2014). The Effect of 1, 8-Cineole Inhalation on Preoperative Anxiety: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014; 1–7
Kontaris, I., B. S. East, and D. A. Wilson (2020). Behavioral and Neurobiological Convergence of Odor, Mood and Emotion: A Review. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 14; 35
Kupferberg, A. and G. Hasler (2023). The Social Cost of Depression: Investigating the Impact of Impaired Social Emotion Regulation, Social Cognition, and Interpersonal Behavior on Social Functioning. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 14; 100631
Lalko, J., A. Lapczynski, D. McGinty, S. Bhatia, C. Letizia, and A. Api (2007). Fragrance Material Review on β-Ionone. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45(1); S241–S247
Limone, P., M. Sinatra, F. Ceglie, and L. Monacis (2021). Associations between Personality Traits and Basal Cortisol Responses in Sailing Athletes. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11(3); 804–812
Lindsäter, E., E. Axelsson, S. Salomonsson, F. Santoft, B. Ljótsson, T. Åkerstedt, M. Lekander, and E. Hedman-Lagerlöf (2021). The Mediating Role of Insomnia Severity in Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Stress: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 136; 103782
Lyons, D. M., L. de Lecea, and A. F. Schatzberg (2017). Stress Coping and Resilience Modeled in Mice. In Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease. Elsevier, pages 1145–1153
Mannucci, C., M. Navarra, F. Calapai, R. Squeri, S. Gangemi,and G. Calapai (2017). Clinical Pharmacology of Citrus bergamia: A Systematic Review. Phytotherapy Research, 31(1); 27–39
Mariotti, A. (2015). The Effects of Chronic Stress on Health: New Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Brain–Body Communication. Future Science OA, 1(3); 1
Medina-Rodriguez, E. M., K. C. Rice, R. S. Jope, and E. Beurel (2022). Comparison of Inflammatory and Behavioral Responses to Chronic Stress in Female and Male Mice. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 106; 180–197
Miatmoko, A., S. A. Safitri, F. Aquila, D. M. Cahyani, B. S. Hariawan, E. Hendrianto, E. Hendradi, and R. Sari (2021). Characterization and Distribution of Niosomes Containing Ursolic Acid Coated with Chitosan Layer. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16(6); 660–673
Moss, M. and L. Oliver (2012). Plasma 1, 8-Cineole Correlates with Cognitive Performance Following Exposure to Rosemary Essential Oil Aroma. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 2(3); 103–113
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2024). Pub-Chem Compound Summary for CID 638014, beta-Ionone. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/beta-Ionone. Accessed 2.21.24
Nochaiwong, S., C. Ruengorn, K. Thavorn, B. Hutton, R. Awiphan, C. Phosuya, Y. Ruanta, N. Wongpakaran, and T. Wongpakaran (2021). Global Prevalence of Mental Health Issues among the General Population during the Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Scientific reports, 11(1); 10173
Oguche, S. (2021). Extraction and Physicochemical Characterization of Sunflower Seed Oil. International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Science, 8(5); 1–3
Paparella, A., L. Shaltiel-Harpaza, and M. Ibdah (2021). β-Ionone: Its Occurrence and Biological Function and Metabolic Engineering. Plants, 10(4); 754
Park, T. (2019). Composition for Anti-Stress Agents, Antidepressants or Anxiolytics Including Ionone as Active Ingredients. 002326
Rahman, H., M. C. Eswaraiah, S. Ramesh, and B. M. Rao (2013). Study of Anxiolytic Activity of Some Essential Oils Used by Inhalational Exposure in Mice. Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences, 1(1); 1–4
Sandi, C. and J. Haller (2015). Stress and the Social Brain: Behavioural Effects and Neurobiological Mechanisms. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(5); 290–304
Schmidt, K. T., V. H. Makhijani, K. M. Boyt, E. S. Cogan, D. Pati, M. M. Pina, I. M. Bravo, J. L. Locke, S. R. Jones, and J. Besheer (2018). Stress-Induced Alterations of Norepinephrine Release in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Mice. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 10(4); 1908–1914
Seki, K., S. Yoshida, and M. K. Jaiswal (2018). Molecular Mechanism of Noradrenaline during the Stress-Induced Major Depressive Disorder. Neural Regeneration Research, 13(7); 1159–1169
Shin, Y. K., S.-Y. Lee, J.-M. Lee, P. Kang, and G. H. Seol (2020). Effects of Short-Term Inhalation of Patchouli Oil on Professional Quality of Life and Stress Levels in Emergency Nurses: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 26(11); 1032–1038
Shoji, H., K. Takao, S. Hattori, and T. Miyakawa (2016). AgeRelated Changes in Behavior in C57BL/6J Mice from Young Adulthood to Middle Age. Molecular Brain, 9; 1–18
Sowndhararajan, K. and S. Kim (2016). Influence of Fragrances on Human Psychophysiological Activity: With Special Reference to Human Electroencephalographic Response. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 84(4); 724–752
Stephens, M. A. C. and G. Wand (2012). Stress and the HPA Axis: Role of Glucocorticoids in Alcohol Dependence. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 34(4); 468
Takemoto, H., C. Take, K. Kojima, Y. Kuga, T. Hamada, T. Yasugi, N. Kato, K. Koike, and Y. Masuo (2020). Effects of Sesame Oil Aroma on Mice After Exposure to Water Immersion Stress: Analysis of Behavior and Gene Expression in the Brain. Molecules, 25(24); 5915
Thau L, S. S., Gandhi J (2024). StatPearls [Internet] StatPearls Publishing. Treasure Island (FL): Aug, 4; 1
Tsang, H. W., S. C. Lo, C. C. Chan, T. Y. Ho, K. M. Fung, A. H. Chan, and D. W. Au (2013). Neurophysiological and Behavioural Effects of Lavender Oil in Rats with Experimentally Induced Anxiety. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 28(3); 168–173
United States Pharmacopeia (2023). 〈841〉 Specific Gravity. http://ftp.uspbpep.com/v29240/usp29nf24s0_c841.html. USP29-NF34. Accessed 2.21.24
Wolffenbüttel, A. N., A. Zamboni, G. Becker, M. K. Dos Santos, B. T. Borille, K. de Cássia Mariotti, A. C. Fagundes, J. L. de Oliveira Salomón, V. R. Coelho, and L. V. Ruiz (2018). Citrus Essential Oils Inhalation by Mice: Behavioral Testing, Gcms Plasma Analysis, Corticosterone, and Melatonin Levels Evaluation. Phytotherapy Research, 32(1); 160–1
Barret, K., S. Barman, H. Brooks, and J. Yuan (2019). Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology. McGraw-Hill Education, New York, Twenty Sixth Edition
Binder, M. D., N. Hirokawa, and U. Windhorst (2009). Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, volume 3166. Springer Berlin, Germany
Bombail, V. (2019). Perception and Emotions: On the Relationships between Stress and Olfaction. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 212; 98–108
Borotová, P., L. Galovičová, N. L. Vukovic, M. Vukic, E. Tvrdá, and M. Kačániová (2022). Chemical and Biological Characterization of Melaleuca Alternifolia Essential Oil. Plants, 11(4); 558
Contrada, R. and A. Baum (2010). The Handbook of Stress Science: Biology, Psychology, and Health. Springer Publishing Company, New York
De Figueiredo, C. S., P. C. Sandre, L. C. L. Portugal, T. Mázala-de Oliveira, L. da Silva Chagas, Í. Raony, E. S. Ferreira, E. Giestal-de Araujo, A. A. Dos Santos, and P. O.-S. Bomfim (2021). COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Children and Adolescents’ Mental Health: Biological, Environmental, and Social Factors. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 106; 110171
Dedic, N., A. Chen, and J. M. Deussing (2018). The CRF Family of Neuropeptides and Their Receptors-Mediators of the Central Stress Response. Current Molecular Pharmacology, 11(1); 4-31
Dziurkowska, E. and M. Wesolowski (2021). Cortisol As a Biomarker of Mental Disorder Severity. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(21); 5204
Gonçalves, G. M. S., S. M. Srebernich, B. G. Vercelino, and B. M. Zampieri (2013). Influence of the Presence and Type of Fragrance on the Sensory Perception of Cosmetic Formulations. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 56; 203–212
Gong, S., Y. Miao, G. Jiao, M. Sun, H. Li, J. Lin, M. Luo, and J. Tan (2015). Dynamics and Correlation of Serum Cortisol and Corticosterone under Different Physiological or Stressful Conditions in Mice. PloS One, 10(2); e0117503
Haehner, A., H. Maass, I. Croy, and T. Hummel (2017). Influence of Room Fragrance on Attention, Anxiety and Mood. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 32(1); 24–28
Hall, J. and M. Hall (2021). Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology. Elsevier, Philadelphia, Fourteenth Edition. Elsevier Inc.
Hoch, C. C., J. Petry, L. Griesbaum, T. Weiser, K. Werner, M. Ploch, A. Verschoor, G. Multhoff, A. B. Dezfouli, and B. Wollenberg (2023). 1, 8-Cineole (Eucalyptol): A Versatile Phytochemical with Therapeutic Applications across Multiple Diseases. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 167; 115467
Ichu, C. and H. Nwakanma (2019). Comparative Study of the Physicochemical Characterization and Quality of Edible Vegetable Oils. International Journal of Research in Informative Science Application & Techniques (IJRISAT), 3(2); 1–9
Kageyama, K., Y. Iwasaki, and M. Daimon (2021). Hypothalamic Regulation of Corticotropin Releasing Factor under Stress and Stress Resilience. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(22); 12242
Kim, K. Y., H. J. Seo, S. S. Min, M. Park, and G. H. Seol (2014). The Effect of 1, 8-Cineole Inhalation on Preoperative Anxiety: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014; 1–7
Kontaris, I., B. S. East, and D. A. Wilson (2020). Behavioral and Neurobiological Convergence of Odor, Mood and Emotion: A Review. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 14; 35
Kupferberg, A. and G. Hasler (2023). The Social Cost of Depression: Investigating the Impact of Impaired Social Emotion Regulation, Social Cognition, and Interpersonal Behavior on Social Functioning. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 14; 100631
Lalko, J., A. Lapczynski, D. McGinty, S. Bhatia, C. Letizia, and A. Api (2007). Fragrance Material Review on β-Ionone. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45(1); S241–S247
Limone, P., M. Sinatra, F. Ceglie, and L. Monacis (2021). Associations between Personality Traits and Basal Cortisol Responses in Sailing Athletes. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11(3); 804–812
Lindsäter, E., E. Axelsson, S. Salomonsson, F. Santoft, B. Ljótsson, T. Åkerstedt, M. Lekander, and E. Hedman-Lagerlöf (2021). The Mediating Role of Insomnia Severity in Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Stress: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 136; 103782
Lyons, D. M., L. de Lecea, and A. F. Schatzberg (2017). Stress Coping and Resilience Modeled in Mice. In Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease. Elsevier, pages 1145–1153
Mannucci, C., M. Navarra, F. Calapai, R. Squeri, S. Gangemi,and G. Calapai (2017). Clinical Pharmacology of Citrus bergamia: A Systematic Review. Phytotherapy Research, 31(1); 27–39
Mariotti, A. (2015). The Effects of Chronic Stress on Health: New Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Brain–Body Communication. Future Science OA, 1(3); 1
Medina-Rodriguez, E. M., K. C. Rice, R. S. Jope, and E. Beurel (2022). Comparison of Inflammatory and Behavioral Responses to Chronic Stress in Female and Male Mice. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 106; 180–197
Miatmoko, A., S. A. Safitri, F. Aquila, D. M. Cahyani, B. S. Hariawan, E. Hendrianto, E. Hendradi, and R. Sari (2021). Characterization and Distribution of Niosomes Containing Ursolic Acid Coated with Chitosan Layer. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16(6); 660–673
Moss, M. and L. Oliver (2012). Plasma 1, 8-Cineole Correlates with Cognitive Performance Following Exposure to Rosemary Essential Oil Aroma. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 2(3); 103–113
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2024). Pub-Chem Compound Summary for CID 638014, beta-Ionone. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/beta-Ionone. Accessed 2.21.24
Nochaiwong, S., C. Ruengorn, K. Thavorn, B. Hutton, R. Awiphan, C. Phosuya, Y. Ruanta, N. Wongpakaran, and T. Wongpakaran (2021). Global Prevalence of Mental Health Issues among the General Population during the Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Scientific reports, 11(1); 10173
Oguche, S. (2021). Extraction and Physicochemical Characterization of Sunflower Seed Oil. International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Science, 8(5); 1–3
Paparella, A., L. Shaltiel-Harpaza, and M. Ibdah (2021). β-Ionone: Its Occurrence and Biological Function and Metabolic Engineering. Plants, 10(4); 754
Park, T. (2019). Composition for Anti-Stress Agents, Antidepressants or Anxiolytics Including Ionone as Active Ingredients. 002326
Rahman, H., M. C. Eswaraiah, S. Ramesh, and B. M. Rao (2013). Study of Anxiolytic Activity of Some Essential Oils Used by Inhalational Exposure in Mice. Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences, 1(1); 1–4
Sandi, C. and J. Haller (2015). Stress and the Social Brain: Behavioural Effects and Neurobiological Mechanisms. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(5); 290–304
Schmidt, K. T., V. H. Makhijani, K. M. Boyt, E. S. Cogan, D. Pati, M. M. Pina, I. M. Bravo, J. L. Locke, S. R. Jones, and J. Besheer (2018). Stress-Induced Alterations of Norepinephrine Release in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Mice. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 10(4); 1908–1914
Seki, K., S. Yoshida, and M. K. Jaiswal (2018). Molecular Mechanism of Noradrenaline during the Stress-Induced Major Depressive Disorder. Neural Regeneration Research, 13(7); 1159–1169
Shin, Y. K., S.-Y. Lee, J.-M. Lee, P. Kang, and G. H. Seol (2020). Effects of Short-Term Inhalation of Patchouli Oil on Professional Quality of Life and Stress Levels in Emergency Nurses: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 26(11); 1032–1038
Shoji, H., K. Takao, S. Hattori, and T. Miyakawa (2016). AgeRelated Changes in Behavior in C57BL/6J Mice from Young Adulthood to Middle Age. Molecular Brain, 9; 1–18
Sowndhararajan, K. and S. Kim (2016). Influence of Fragrances on Human Psychophysiological Activity: With Special Reference to Human Electroencephalographic Response. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 84(4); 724–752
Stephens, M. A. C. and G. Wand (2012). Stress and the HPA Axis: Role of Glucocorticoids in Alcohol Dependence. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 34(4); 468
Takemoto, H., C. Take, K. Kojima, Y. Kuga, T. Hamada, T. Yasugi, N. Kato, K. Koike, and Y. Masuo (2020). Effects of Sesame Oil Aroma on Mice After Exposure to Water Immersion Stress: Analysis of Behavior and Gene Expression in the Brain. Molecules, 25(24); 5915
Thau L, S. S., Gandhi J (2024). StatPearls [Internet] StatPearls Publishing. Treasure Island (FL): Aug, 4; 1
Tsang, H. W., S. C. Lo, C. C. Chan, T. Y. Ho, K. M. Fung, A. H. Chan, and D. W. Au (2013). Neurophysiological and Behavioural Effects of Lavender Oil in Rats with Experimentally Induced Anxiety. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 28(3); 168–173
United States Pharmacopeia (2023). 〈841〉 Specific Gravity. http://ftp.uspbpep.com/v29240/usp29nf24s0_c841.html. USP29-NF34. Accessed 2.21.24
Wolffenbüttel, A. N., A. Zamboni, G. Becker, M. K. Dos Santos, B. T. Borille, K. de Cássia Mariotti, A. C. Fagundes, J. L. de Oliveira Salomón, V. R. Coelho, and L. V. Ruiz (2018). Citrus Essential Oils Inhalation by Mice: Behavioral Testing, Gcms Plasma Analysis, Corticosterone, and Melatonin Levels Evaluation. Phytotherapy Research, 32(1); 160–1
Authors
Budiman, C. ., Miatmoko, A., Tyas, V. E. P. S. ., Ardianto, C. ., & Retnowati, D. . (2024). The Effects of Beta-Ionone Addition in Perfume on Behavior and Serum Cortisol Level of Stress-Induced Mice. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(2), 470–479. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2024.9.2.470-479
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.