Evaluating the Biocompatibility of Maxillofacial Silicone Enhanced by Hexagonal Boron Nitride Particles
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Keywords:
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Biocompatibility, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, Hexagonal Boron Nitride, Maxillofacial Silicone, MTT Assay
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the biocompatibility of a novel filler material intended to improve the longevity of polymer systems used in prosthetics in respect of cytotoxicity and skin irritation. RTV50F silicone elastomer incorporated with various percentages of hexagonal boron nitride (H-BN) (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1 wt%) have been tested. Silicone without H-BN was utilized as the control for comparison. The in vitro cytotoxicity test includes specimens (n=18) with 10 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness applied directly to the normal human fibroblast cell line (NHF) and incubated for 72 hours, then 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to determine the cell viability. The skin irritation test was conducted in vivo, in which specimens (n=12) with 25 mm × 25 mm dimensions were applied on the back of 5 different rabbits for 4 hours, then the skin response was evaluated after 24, 48, and 72 hours. The acquired in vitro data were statically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey’s tests with GraphPad Prism 8, where P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The H-BN powder and silicone specimens were studied via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The results revealed a negligible effect of maxillofacial silicone on cell viability after 72 hours of incubation, only one group (1wt%) showed a significant difference compared to the control group but the toxicity percentage didn’t exceed 30% of cell viability and there was no skin irritation during the in vivo test.
References
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Schieber, M. and N. S. Chandel (2014). ROS Function in Redox Signaling and Oxidative Stress. Current Biology, 24(10); R453–R462
Sheng, M., R. Yang, H. Gong, Y. Zhang, X. Lin, and J. Jing (2022). Enhanced Thermal Conductivity and Stability of Boron Nitride/Phenyl Silicone Rubber Composites via Surface Modification and Grain Alignment. Journal of Materials Science, 57(10); 5805–5824
Sjögren, G., G. Sletten, and J. E. Dahl (2000). Cytotoxicity of Dental Alloys, Metals, and Ceramics Assessed by Millipore Filter, Agar Overlay, and MTT Tests. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 84(2); 229–236
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Tukmachi, M., I. N. Safi, and M. Ali (2021). Evaluation of Mechanical Properties and Cytotoxicity of Maxillofacial Silicone Material after Incorporation of Zirconia Nanopowder. Materials Today: Proceedings, 42; 3061–3066
Vollath, D. (2020). Agglomerates of Nanoparticles. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 11; 854–857
Wang, J., F. Ma, and M. Sun (2017). Graphene, Hexagonal Boron Nitride, and Their Heterostructures: Properties and Applications. RSC Advances, 7(27); 16801–16822
Wang, L., Q. Liu, D. Jing, S. Zhou, and L. Shao (2014). Biomechanical Properties of Nano-TiO2 Addition to a Medical Silicone Elastomer: The Effect of Artificial Ageing. Journal of Dentistry, 42(4); 475–483
Xie, X., Z. Hou, G. Duan, S. Zhang, H. Zhou, Z. Yang, and R. Zhou (2021). Boron Nitride Nanosheets Elicit Significant Hemolytic Activity via Destruction of Red Blood Cell Membranes. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 203; 111765
Xu, C., M. Miao, X. Jiang, and X. Wang (2018). Thermal Conductive Composites Reinforced via Advanced Boron Nitride Nanomaterials. Composite Communications, 10; 103–109
AbdulKareem, A. A. and T. I. Hamad (2019). The Effects of Nano Alumina On Mechanical Properties of Room Temperature Vulcanized Maxillofacial Silicone (Pilot Study). Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry, 31(4); 1–8
Abraham, H. M., P. Dhamini, J. M. Philip, C. J. Venkatakrishnan, and C. R. Chandran (2018). A Review of Materials Used in Maxillofacial Prosthesis - Part 1. Dental Implants Today, 10; 1067–1070
Akay, C., P. Cevik, D. Karakis, and H. Sevim Akan (2016). In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Maxillofacial Silicone Elastomers: Effect of Nano-Particles. Journal of Prosthodontics, 27; 190–198
Brandstetter, H., W. Eichelkraut, A. Haemisch, G. Hilken, R. Kluge, R. Post, M. Scheer, and R. Tolba (2015). Specialist Information Planning and Organization of Laboratory Animal Housing Units and Laboratories. GV-SOLAS
Domanico, M., A. Fukuto, L. M. Tran, J. M. Bustamante, P. C. Edwards, K. E. Pinkerton, S. M. Thomasy, and L. S. Van Winkle (2022). Cytotoxicity of 2D Engineered Nanomaterials in Pulmonary and Corneal Epithelium. NanoImpact, 26; 100404
European Union Council (1986). Council Directive 86/609/EEC of 24 November 1986 on the Approximation of Laws, Regulations and Administrative Provisions of the Member States Regarding the Protection of Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes. Official Journal of the European Communities, 358; 1–28
Fang, H., S.-L. Bai, and C. P. Wong (2016). “White Graphene” – Hexagonal Boron Nitride Based Polymeric Composites and Their Application in Thermal Management. Composite Communications, 2; 19–24
Food and Drug Administration (2023). Use of International Standard ISO 10993-1, "Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices - Part 1: Evaluation and Testing within a Risk Management Process
Hussein, R. A. and A. J. Mohsin (2019). Trypan Blue Exclusion Assay Verifies In Vitro Cytotoxicity of New Cis-Platinum (II) Complex in Human Cells. Baghdad Science Journal, 16(3); 555–561
Ibrahim, H. and F. Abdul-Ameer (2021). Influence of Kappa-Carrageenan Powder Addition on Staphylococcus Epidermidis Adhesion on the Room Temperature Vulcanized Maxillofacial Silicone. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 15; 359–362
ISO 10993-1 (2018). Evaluation and Testing within a Risk Management Process
ISO 10993-23 (2021). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices-Tests for Irritation
ISO 10993-5 (2009). Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices - Tests for In Vitro Cytotoxicity
Kar, F., C. Hacıoğlu, Y. Göncü, Ş. Söğüt, H. Şenturk, D. Burukoğlu Dönmez, G. Kanbak, and N. Ay (2021). In Vivo Assessment of the Effect of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanoparticles on Biochemical, Histopathological, Oxidant and Antioxidant Status. Journal of Cluster Science, 32(2); 517–529
Kıvanç, M., B. Barutca, A. T. Koparal, Y. Göncü, S. H. Bostancı, and N. Ay (2018). Effects of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanoparticles on Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities, Cell Viability. Materials Science and Engineering C, 91; 115–124
Mao, Y., Q. Guo, X. Geng, H. Zeng, S. Liu, X. Yin, and Z. Yang (2023). Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanodots Inhibit Cell Proliferation of HUVECs and the Underlying Mechanism. Colloids and Interface Science Communications, 56; 100738
Merlo, A., V. R. S. S. Mokkapati, S. Pandit, and I. Mijakovic (2018). Boron Nitride Nanomaterials: Biocompatibility and Bio-Applications. Biomaterials Science, 6(9); 2298–2311
Ouadah, O., H. A. Merad, T. Hidouri, I. S. Yahia, and H. Y. Zahran (2022). Probing the Physical Properties of Boron Nitride with Randomly Distributed Vacancies: A Promising Semiconductor for Optoelectronics. Solid State Communications, 348; 114744
Ozdemir, K. G., H. Yilmaz, and S. Yilmaz (2009). In Vitro Evaluation of Cytotoxicity of Soft Lining Materials on L929 Cells by MTT Assay. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 90(1); 82–86
Sahu, N., A. S. Vathare, R. V. C. Tiwari, S. Kumar, S. Meshram, and H. D. Tiwari (2020). Aesthetic Management in Maxillofacial Prosthesis - A Review. Saudi Journal of Medicine, 5(2); 90–94
Salman, M. I., A. M. Al-Shammari, and M. A. Emran (2022). 3-Dimensional Coculture of Breast Cancer Cell Lines with Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells Reveals the Efficiency of Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus Infection via Labeling Technology. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, 9; 754100
Schieber, M. and N. S. Chandel (2014). ROS Function in Redox Signaling and Oxidative Stress. Current Biology, 24(10); R453–R462
Sheng, M., R. Yang, H. Gong, Y. Zhang, X. Lin, and J. Jing (2022). Enhanced Thermal Conductivity and Stability of Boron Nitride/Phenyl Silicone Rubber Composites via Surface Modification and Grain Alignment. Journal of Materials Science, 57(10); 5805–5824
Sjögren, G., G. Sletten, and J. E. Dahl (2000). Cytotoxicity of Dental Alloys, Metals, and Ceramics Assessed by Millipore Filter, Agar Overlay, and MTT Tests. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 84(2); 229–236
Su, C., Z. Yin, Q. B. Yan, Z. Wang, H. Lin, L. Sun, W. Xu, T. Yamada, X. Ji, N. Zettsu, K. Teshima, J. H. Warner, M. Dincă, J. Hu, M. Dong, G. Su, J. Kong, and J. Li (2019). Waterproof Molecular Monolayers Stabilize 2D Materials. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(42); 20844–20849
Tukmachi, M., I. N. Safi, and M. Ali (2021). Evaluation of Mechanical Properties and Cytotoxicity of Maxillofacial Silicone Material after Incorporation of Zirconia Nanopowder. Materials Today: Proceedings, 42; 3061–3066
Vollath, D. (2020). Agglomerates of Nanoparticles. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 11; 854–857
Wang, J., F. Ma, and M. Sun (2017). Graphene, Hexagonal Boron Nitride, and Their Heterostructures: Properties and Applications. RSC Advances, 7(27); 16801–16822
Wang, L., Q. Liu, D. Jing, S. Zhou, and L. Shao (2014). Biomechanical Properties of Nano-TiO2 Addition to a Medical Silicone Elastomer: The Effect of Artificial Ageing. Journal of Dentistry, 42(4); 475–483
Xie, X., Z. Hou, G. Duan, S. Zhang, H. Zhou, Z. Yang, and R. Zhou (2021). Boron Nitride Nanosheets Elicit Significant Hemolytic Activity via Destruction of Red Blood Cell Membranes. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 203; 111765
Xu, C., M. Miao, X. Jiang, and X. Wang (2018). Thermal Conductive Composites Reinforced via Advanced Boron Nitride Nanomaterials. Composite Communications, 10; 103–109
Authors
Ali, M. S., & Abdul-Ameer, F. M. (2024). Evaluating the Biocompatibility of Maxillofacial Silicone Enhanced by Hexagonal Boron Nitride Particles. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(3), 718–725. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2024.9.3.718-725
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