Preparation and Characterization of ZnO-Fe2O3 Nanocomposite Using Green Synthesis Method and Its Application in Powder Pyrotechnics
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Keywords:
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Green Synthesis, ZnO-Fe2O3 Nanocomposite, Al/Mg/KNO3 Pyrotechnic Powder, Thermal Decomposition
Abstract
Nanocomposites are often used as a catalyst in the pyrolysis of Al/Mg/KNO3 rocket igniter charge. Because the synthesis of the nanocomposites has a negative impact on the environment, in this study, the nanocomposite of ZnO-Fe2O3 was synthesized using a green synthesis method based on the aqueous fraction of Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. leaf extract. The secondary metabolites contained in the extract were tested. ZnO-Fe2O3 nanocomposite was characterized using Ultra-Violet-Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV Vis-DRS), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM).
The thermal decomposition process of Al/Mg/KNO3 with and without ZnO-Fe2O3 nanocomposite was analyzed using Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA). As a result, ZnO-Fe2O3 nanocomposite is successfully synthesized, proven by UV-Vis DRS, FT-IR, XRD, and SEM-EDS analysis. It highlights the effectiveness of aqueous leaves extract of Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. as a capping agent because of the secondary metabolites. Based on PSA and TEM characterization, the particle size is 17.37 nm. The TGA curves demonstrate that the addition of ZnO-Fe2O3 nanocomposite lowers the activation energy for decomposition of Al/Mg/KNO3, from 58.71 kJ/mol to 52.07 kJ/mol, as well as reduces the stage in the decomposition process. A particular reason lies on the role of ZnO-Fe2O3 nanocomposite in reducing the activation energy of the thermal decomposition of
KNO3.
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Al-Darwesh, M. Y., S. S. Ibrahim, and M. A. Mohammed (2024). A Review on Plant Extract Mediated Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications. Results in Chemistry, 7; 101368.
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Bandeira, M., M. Giovanela, M. Roesch-Ely, D. M. Devine, and J. d. S. Crespo (2020). Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: A Review of the Synthesis Methodology and Mechanism of Formation. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 15; 100223.
Bohm, B. A. (2009). The Geography of Phytochemical Races. Springer Science and Business Media BV.
Buarki, F., H. AbuHassan, F. Al Hannan, and F. Z. Henari (2022). Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Hibiscus rosa Sinensis Flowers and Their Antibacterial Activity. Journal of Nanotechnology, 2022; 1–6.
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Dave, P. N., P. N. Ram, and S. Chaturvedi (2016). Transition Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Potential Nano-Modifier for Rocket Propellants. Particulate Science and Technology, 34(6); 676–680.
Faisal, S., H. Jan, S. A. Shah, S. Shah, A. Khan, M. T. Akbar, M. Rizwan, F. Jan, Wajidullah, N. Akhtar, A. Khattak, and S. Syed (2021). Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Fruit Extracts of Myristica fragrans: Their Characterizations and Biological and Environmental Applications. ACS Omega, 6(14); 9709–9722.
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Khan, S., Y. Rukayadi, A. H. Jaafar, and N. H. Ahmad (2023). Antibacterial Potential of Silver Nanoparticles (SP-AgNPs) Synthesized from Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. Against Selected Foodborne Pathogens. Heliyon, 9; e22771.
Kharissova, O. V., B. I. Kharisov, C. M. O. González, Y. P. Méndez, and I. López (2019). Greener Synthesis of Chemical Compounds and Materials. Royal Society Open Science, 6(191378); 191378.
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Lackner, M., A. B. Palotás, and F. Winter (2013). Combustion from Basics to Applications. John Wiley & Sons, first edition.
Lakshmnarayanan, S., M. F. Shereen, K. L. Niraimathi, P. Brindha, and A. Arumugam (2021). One-Pot Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles from Bauhinia tomentosa: Characterization and Application Towards Synthesis of 1,3 Diolein. Scientific Reports, 11(1); 8643.
León, D., I. Amez, M. Radojevic, N. Manic, D. Stojiljkovic, A. Milivojevic, J. García-Torrent, and B. Castells (2024). Emissions and Fire Risk Assessment of Nitrocellulose As a Sustainable Alternative in Pyrotechnic Compositions. Fire, 7(8); 265.
Lestariana, E., Y. Yulizar, and H. Supriyatno (2024). Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles Using Syzygium polyanthum (wight) Walp. Aqueous Leaf Extract and Their Application in Al/Mg/- KNO3 Pyrotechnics. AIP Conference Proceedings, 3074(1); 070009.
Lifshin, E. (1999). X-Ray Characterization of Materials. Wiley-VCH.
Makkar, H. P. S., P. Siddhuraju, and K. Becker (2007). Plant Secondary Metabolites. Humana Press.
Mohamed, A., R. R. Atta, A. A. Kotp, F. I. Abo El-Ela, H. Abd El-Raheem, A. Farghali, D. H. M. Alkhalifah, W. N. Hozzein, and R. Mahmoud (2023). Green Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for the Removal of Heavy Metals (Cd2+ and Ni2+) from Aqueous Solutions with Antimicrobial Investigation. Scientific Reports, 13(1); 7227.
Naiel, B., M. Fawzy, M. W. A. Halmy, and A. E. D. Mahmoud (2022). Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Sea Lavender (Limonium pruinosum L. Chaz.) Extract: Characterization, Evaluation of Anti-Skin Cancer, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potentials. Scientific Reports, 12(1); 20370.
Nguyen, K. D. H., T. D. Manh, B. X. Vuong, L. T. P. Nguyen, D. T. Vu, T. L. Huynh, and K. L. D. Ngo (2024). Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. Leaf Extract as a Sustainable Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Hydrochloric Acidic Environment. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 143; 468–487.
Osman, A. I., Y. Zhang, M. Farghali, A. K. Rashwan, A. S. Eltaweil, E. M. Abd El-Monaem, I. M. A. Mohamed, M. M. Badr, I. Ihara, D. W. Rooney, and P. S. Yap (2024). Synthesis of Green Nanoparticles for Energy, Biomedical, Environmental, Agricultural, and Food Applications: A Review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 22(2); 841–887.
Pallela, P. N. V. K., S. Ummey, L. K. Ruddaraju, S. Gadi, C. S. L. Cherukuri, S. Barla, and S. V. N. Pammi (2019). Antibacterial Efficacy of Green Synthesized ????-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles Using Sida Cordifolia Plant Extract. Heliyon, 5(11); e02765.
Pouretedal, H. R. and R. Ebadpour (2014). Application of Non-Isothermal Thermogravimetric Method to Interpret the Decomposition Kinetics of NaNO3, KNO3, and KClO4. International Journal of Thermophysics, 5; 942–951.
Ravanbod, M. and H. R. Pouretedal (2016). Catalytic Effect of Fe2O3, Mn2O3, and TiO2 Nanoparticles on Thermal Decomposition of Potassium Nitrate. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 124; 1091–1098.
Restasari, A., R. Ardianingsih, L. H. Abdillah, and K. Hartaya (2024). Preliminary Research of Natural Oils as Green Flow Properties Modifiers of Hydroxyl Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB). 2860(1); 030005.
Reyes-Perez, J. A., G. Roa-Morales, C. A. De Leon-Condes, and P. Balderas-Hernandez (2023). Nanocomposites from Spent Coffee Grounds and Iron/Zinc Oxide: Green Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in Textile Wastewater Treatment. Water Science and Technology, 88(6); 1547–1563.
Rugunanan, R. A. and M. E. Brown (1991). Reactions of Powdered Silicon with Some Pyrotechnic Oxidants. Journal of Thermal Analysis, 37(6); 1193–1211.
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Authors
Lestariana, E., Supriyatno, H., Sitompul, H. R. D. ., Restasari, A. ., & Yulizar, Y. . (2025). Preparation and Characterization of ZnO-Fe2O3 Nanocomposite Using Green Synthesis Method and Its Application in Powder Pyrotechnics. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(2), 493–503. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2025.10.2.493-503
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