Desalination of Seawater using Pahae Natural Zeolite-Activated Carbon derived from Kepok Banana Peel (Musa paradisiaca Linn.)
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Keywords:
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Natural Zeolite, Activated Carbon, Desalination, Water Treatment, Seawater
Abstract
The escalating demand for freshwater due to increased global population and intensified industrial activities necessitates innovative approaches to water desalination. This study explores the efficacy of a novel composite adsorbent material consisting of Pahae natural zeolite and activated carbon derived from Kepok banana peels for seawater desalination. This research synthesizes and evaluates the composite under varying conditions to ascertain its potential as an effective adsorbent material. Characterization methods included scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and salinity removal measurement. The results demonstrated that the 85:15% zeolite to activated carbon ratio exhibited the highest porosity of 61.04% and a significant water absorption capacity of 86.65%. This composition also achieved the most substantial salinity reduction, lowering the initial salinity from 27.70‰ to 18.53‰ with a removal efficiency of 33.10%. SEM analyses revealed a more porous surface morphology at 85:15% which corroborated with the higher salinity removal efficiency. BET results indicated that the optimal pore size and distribution occurred in the 85:15% composition which directly correlated with enhanced adsorption capacities. This study reports the potential of using sustainable materials such as zeolite and agricultural waste-derived activated carbon for cost effective and environmentally friendly desalination processes. The findings suggest that such composites can be tailored to improve performance and provide a viable solution to the global freshwater scarcity challenge.
References
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Curto, D., V. Franzitta, and A. Guercio (2021). A Review of the Water Desalination Technologies. Applied Sciences, 11(2); 670.
Daffalla, S. B., H. Mukhtar, and M. S. Shaharun (2020). Preparation and Characterization of Rice Husk Adsorbents for Phenol Removal from Aqueous Systems. PLoS One, 15(12); e0243540.
de Magalhaes, L. F., G. R. da Silva, A. E. C. Peres, and M. R. R. Kooh (2022). Zeolite Application in Wastewater Treatment. Adsorption Science & Technology, 2022; 4544104.
Duan, X., H. Sun, and S. Wang (2018). Metal-Free Carbocatalysis in Advanced Oxidation Reactions. Accounts of Chemical Research, 51(3); 678–687.
Fayyaz, S., S. Khadem Masjedi, A. Kazemi, E. Khaki, M. Moeinaddini, and S. Irving Olsen (2023). Life Cycle Assessment of Reverse Osmosis for High-Salinity Seawater Desalination Process: Potable and Industrial Water Production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 382; 135299.
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Guo, L., A. Mi, X. Xue, Z. Wu, H. Gao, H. Shang, and B. Zhang (2024). Enhanced Hydrophilicity and Stability of Carbon-Based Aerogel With Assembling of Halloysite Nanotubes and Silica Fibers for Efficient Solar Seawater Evaporation and Desalination. Separation and Purification Technology, 342; 126966.
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Li, S., Y. Huo, T. Yan, H. Zhang, L. Wang, and W. Pan (2024). Preparation and Thermal Properties of Zeolite/MgSO4 Composite Sorption Material for Heat Storage. Renewable Energy, 224; 120166.
Lin, S., H. Zhao, L. Zhu, T. He, S. Chen, C. Gao, and L. Zhang (2021). Seawater Desalination Technology and Engineering in China: A Review. Desalination, 498; 114728.
Liu, Y., S. Wang, J. Huo, X. Zhang, H. Wen, D. Zhang, and H. H. Ngo (2024). Adsorption Recovery of Phosphorus in Contaminated Water by Calcium Modified Biochar Derived From Spent Coffee Grounds. Science of The Total Environment, 909; 168426.
Luo, J., H. Yuan, H. Liu, J. Li, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, and H. Li (2021). One-Pot Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation of Cyclohexanone With In Situ Generated Hydrogen Peroxide Over Sn-Beta Zeolites. Green Chemical Engineering, 2(3); 294–300.
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Nasution, T. I., Susilawati, F. Zebua, and H. Nainggolan (2015). Manufacture of Water Vapour Filter Based on Natural Pahae Zeolite Used for Hydrogen Fueled Motor Cycle. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 754–755; 789.
Oliver, E. C. J., J. A. Benthuysen, S. Darmaraki, M. G. Donat, A. J. Hobday, N. J. Holbrook, and A. Sen Gupta (2021). Marine Heatwaves. Annual Review of Marine Science, 13; 313–342.
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Setiawan, A., L. R. Dianti, N. E. Mayangsari, D. R. Widiana, and D. Dermawan (2023). Removal of Methylene Blue Using Heterogeneous Fenton Process with Fe Impregnated Kepok Banana (Musa acuminate L.) Peel Activated Carbon as Catalyst. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 152; 110715.
Shoumkova, A. and V. Stoyanova (2013). Zeolites Formation by Hydrothermal Alkali Activation of Coal Fly Ash from Thermal Power Station “Maritsa 3”, Bulgaria. Fuel, 103; 533–541.
Sihombing, Y. A., M. Z. E. Sinaga, R. Hardiyanti, Susilawati, I. R. Saragi, and Rangga (2022). Preparation, Characterization, and Desalination Study of Polystyrene Membrane Integrated with Zeolite Using the Electrospinning Method. Heliyon, 8(8); e10113.
Subbaiah, M. V. and D.-S. Kim (2016). Adsorption of Methyl Orange from Aqueous Solution by Aminated Pumpkin Seed Powder: Kinetics, Isotherms, and Thermodynamic Studies. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 128; 109–117.
Sudibandriyo, M. and F. A. Putri (2020). The Effect of Various Zeolites as an Adsorbent for Bioethanol Purification Using a Fixed Bed Adsorption Column. International Journal of Technology, 11; 1300.
Sukhbaatar, B., B. Yoo, and J. Lim (2021). Metal-Free High-Adsorption-Capacity Adsorbent Derived from Spent Coffee Grounds for Methylene Blue. RSC Advances, 11(9); 5118–5127.
Susilawati, M. N. Nasruddin, C. Kurniawan, I. Nainggolan, and Y. A. Sihombing (2018). Ethanol Purification Using Active Natural Pahae Zeolite by Adsorption Distillation Method. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1116; 032037.
Susilawati, M. N. Nasruddin, Y. A. Sihombing, S. N. Y. Pakpahan, and B. Ferdiansyah (2021). Preparation of Pahae Natural Zeolite Nanoparticles Using High Energy Milling and Its Potential for Bioethanol Purification. Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, 14; 1265.
Susilawati, T. I. Nasution, F. Zebua, and H. Nainggolan (2017). Hydrogen Purification Using Natural Pahae Zeolite and Cocoa Rind Based Filter. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 12; 3914.
Susilawati, Y. A. Sihombing, S. U. Rahayu, Y. Y. B. Sembiring, L. Waldiansyah, and M. Irma (2023). Filter Material Based On Zeolite-Activated Charcoal From Cocoa Shells As Ammonium Adsorbent In Greywater Treatment. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 43; 266–272.
Susilawati, Y. A. Sihombing, S. U. Rahayu, L. Waldiansyah, and Y. Y. B. Sembiring (2022). The Effectiveness Of Pahae Natural Zeolite–Cocoa Shell Activated Charcoal Nanofilter As A Water Adsorber In Bioethanol Purification. ACS Omega, 7(43); 38417–38425.
Tewatia, P., M. Kaur, S. Singhal, and A. Kaushik (2021). Wheat Straw Cellulose Based Fluorescent Probe Cum Bioadsorbents For Selective And Sensitive Alleviation Of Uranium(VI) In Waste Water. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9(5); 106106.
Vasconcelos, A. A., T. Len, A. N. de Oliveira, A. A. F. d. Costa, A. R. d. S. Souza, C. E. F. d. Costa, and L. A. S. d. Nascimento (2023). Zeolites: A Theoretical And Practical Approach With Uses In (Bio)Chemical Processes. Applied Sciences, 13(3).
Wajima, T. (2019). Desalination Of Seawater Using Natural Zeolite For Agricultural Utilization. International Journal of Geomate, 16(56); 21–26.
Wajima, T. and F. Sekihata (2023). Desalination Behaviors From Seawater Using Natural Zeolite And Calcined Ca-Fe Layered Double Hydroxide For Cultivation. International Journal of Geomate, 24(105); 33–40.
Wajima, T., T. Shimizu, T. Yamato, and Y. Ikegami (2010). Removal Of NaCl From Seawater Using Natural Zeolite. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 92(1); 21–26.
Wen, C., H. Ding, and Y. Yang (2020). Performance Of Steam Ejector With Nonequilibrium Condensation For Multi-Effect Distillation With Thermal Vapour Compression (MED-TVC) Seawater Desalination System. Desalination, 489; 114531.
White, R. L. (2024). A Temperature Perturbation Infrared Spectroscopy Comparison Of HY And NaY Zeolite Dehydration/Rehydration. Minerals, 14(1); 104.
Wibowo, E., R. Aditya, N. Ulya, M. Rokhmat, P. Marwoto, and Sutisna (2023). Electrically Activated Zeolite For Reducing Seawater Salinity. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2673(1); 012004.
Wibowo, E., M. Rokhmat, R. Murniati, and M. Abdullah (2017a). Utilization Of Natural Zeolite As Sorbent Material For Seawater Desalination. Procedia Engineering, 170; 8–13.
Wibowo, E., M. Rokhmat, Sutisna, Khairurrijal, and M. Abdullah (2015). Thermally Activated Clay To Compete Zeolite For Seawater Desalination. Advanced Materials Research, 1112; 154–157.
Wibowo, E., M. Rokhmat, Sutisna, R. Murniati, K. Khairurrijal, and M. Abdullah (2017b). Reduction Of Seawater Salinity By Natural Zeolite (Clinoptilolite): Adsorption Isotherms, Thermodynamics And Kinetics. Desalination, 409; 146–156.
Xiao, G., X. Chen, T. Li, C. Wang, Q. Cui, and Y. Yue (2024). Eco-Friendly Synthesis And Environmental Impact Assessment Of Hierarchical Beta Zeolite From Kaolinite And Recycled Mother Liquor. Green Chemical Engineering, 5(4); 501–510.
Yefremova, S., A. Kablanbekov, B. Satbaev, and A. Zharmenov (2023). Rice Husk-Based Adsorbents For Removal Of Metals From Aqueous Solutions. Materials, 16(23); 7353.
Zarrintaj, P., G. Mahmodi, and S. Manouchehri (2020). Zeolite In Tissue Engineering: Opportunities And Challenges. MedComm, 1(1); 5–34.
Amen, R., M. Yaseen, A. Mukhtar, J. J. Klemeš, S. Saqib, S. Ullah, and A. Bokhari (2020). Lead and Cadmium Removal From Wastewater Using Eco-Friendly Biochar Adsorbent Derived From Rice Husk, Wheat Straw, and Corncob. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 1; 100006.
Calabrese, L. (2019). Anticorrosion Behavior of Zeolite Coatings Obtained by In Situ Crystallization: A Critical Review. Materials (Basel), 12(1); 12010059.
Castro-Munoz, R. (2023). A Critical Review on Electrospun Membranes Containing 2D Materials for Seawater Desalination. Desalination, 555; 116528.
Curto, D., V. Franzitta, and A. Guercio (2021). A Review of the Water Desalination Technologies. Applied Sciences, 11(2); 670.
Daffalla, S. B., H. Mukhtar, and M. S. Shaharun (2020). Preparation and Characterization of Rice Husk Adsorbents for Phenol Removal from Aqueous Systems. PLoS One, 15(12); e0243540.
de Magalhaes, L. F., G. R. da Silva, A. E. C. Peres, and M. R. R. Kooh (2022). Zeolite Application in Wastewater Treatment. Adsorption Science & Technology, 2022; 4544104.
Duan, X., H. Sun, and S. Wang (2018). Metal-Free Carbocatalysis in Advanced Oxidation Reactions. Accounts of Chemical Research, 51(3); 678–687.
Fayyaz, S., S. Khadem Masjedi, A. Kazemi, E. Khaki, M. Moeinaddini, and S. Irving Olsen (2023). Life Cycle Assessment of Reverse Osmosis for High-Salinity Seawater Desalination Process: Potable and Industrial Water Production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 382; 135299.
Gohil, P. P., H. Desai, A. Kumar, and R. Kumar (2023). Current Status and Advancement in Thermal and Membrane-Based Hybrid Seawater Desalination Technologies. Water, 15(12); 2274.
Guo, L., A. Mi, X. Xue, Z. Wu, H. Gao, H. Shang, and B. Zhang (2024). Enhanced Hydrophilicity and Stability of Carbon-Based Aerogel With Assembling of Halloysite Nanotubes and Silica Fibers for Efficient Solar Seawater Evaporation and Desalination. Separation and Purification Technology, 342; 126966.
Khairiah, K., E. Frida, K. Sebayang, P. Sinuhaji, and S. Humaidi (2021). Data on Characterization, Model, and Adsorption Rate of Banana Peel Activated Carbon (Musa acuminata) for Adsorbents of Various Heavy Metals (Mn, Pb, Zn, Fe). Data in Brief, 39; 107611.
Khaleque, A., M. M. Alam, M. Hoque, S. Mondal, J. B. Haider, B. Xu, and M. A. Moni (2020). Zeolite Synthesis From Low-Cost Materials and Environmental Applications: A Review. Environmental Advances, 2; 100019.
Kordala, N. and M. Wyszkowski (2024). Zeolite Properties, Methods of Synthesis, and Selected Applications. Molecules, 29(5); 1069.
Li, S., Y. Huo, T. Yan, H. Zhang, L. Wang, and W. Pan (2024). Preparation and Thermal Properties of Zeolite/MgSO4 Composite Sorption Material for Heat Storage. Renewable Energy, 224; 120166.
Lin, S., H. Zhao, L. Zhu, T. He, S. Chen, C. Gao, and L. Zhang (2021). Seawater Desalination Technology and Engineering in China: A Review. Desalination, 498; 114728.
Liu, Y., S. Wang, J. Huo, X. Zhang, H. Wen, D. Zhang, and H. H. Ngo (2024). Adsorption Recovery of Phosphorus in Contaminated Water by Calcium Modified Biochar Derived From Spent Coffee Grounds. Science of The Total Environment, 909; 168426.
Luo, J., H. Yuan, H. Liu, J. Li, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, and H. Li (2021). One-Pot Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation of Cyclohexanone With In Situ Generated Hydrogen Peroxide Over Sn-Beta Zeolites. Green Chemical Engineering, 2(3); 294–300.
Muisa, N., I. Nhapi, W. Ruziwa, and M. M. Manyuchi (2020). Utilization of Alum Sludge as Adsorbent for Phosphorus Removal in Municipal Wastewater: A Review. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 35; 101187.
Nasution, T. I., Susilawati, F. Zebua, and H. Nainggolan (2015). Manufacture of Water Vapour Filter Based on Natural Pahae Zeolite Used for Hydrogen Fueled Motor Cycle. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 754–755; 789.
Oliver, E. C. J., J. A. Benthuysen, S. Darmaraki, M. G. Donat, A. J. Hobday, N. J. Holbrook, and A. Sen Gupta (2021). Marine Heatwaves. Annual Review of Marine Science, 13; 313–342.
Rich, V. I. and R. M. Maier (2015). Chapter 6 - Aquatic Environments. In I. L. Pepper, C. P. Gerba, and T. J. Gentry, editors, Environmental Microbiology (Third Edition). Academic Press, San Diego, pages 111–138.
Setiawan, A., L. R. Dianti, N. E. Mayangsari, D. R. Widiana, and D. Dermawan (2023). Removal of Methylene Blue Using Heterogeneous Fenton Process with Fe Impregnated Kepok Banana (Musa acuminate L.) Peel Activated Carbon as Catalyst. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 152; 110715.
Shoumkova, A. and V. Stoyanova (2013). Zeolites Formation by Hydrothermal Alkali Activation of Coal Fly Ash from Thermal Power Station “Maritsa 3”, Bulgaria. Fuel, 103; 533–541.
Sihombing, Y. A., M. Z. E. Sinaga, R. Hardiyanti, Susilawati, I. R. Saragi, and Rangga (2022). Preparation, Characterization, and Desalination Study of Polystyrene Membrane Integrated with Zeolite Using the Electrospinning Method. Heliyon, 8(8); e10113.
Subbaiah, M. V. and D.-S. Kim (2016). Adsorption of Methyl Orange from Aqueous Solution by Aminated Pumpkin Seed Powder: Kinetics, Isotherms, and Thermodynamic Studies. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 128; 109–117.
Sudibandriyo, M. and F. A. Putri (2020). The Effect of Various Zeolites as an Adsorbent for Bioethanol Purification Using a Fixed Bed Adsorption Column. International Journal of Technology, 11; 1300.
Sukhbaatar, B., B. Yoo, and J. Lim (2021). Metal-Free High-Adsorption-Capacity Adsorbent Derived from Spent Coffee Grounds for Methylene Blue. RSC Advances, 11(9); 5118–5127.
Susilawati, M. N. Nasruddin, C. Kurniawan, I. Nainggolan, and Y. A. Sihombing (2018). Ethanol Purification Using Active Natural Pahae Zeolite by Adsorption Distillation Method. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1116; 032037.
Susilawati, M. N. Nasruddin, Y. A. Sihombing, S. N. Y. Pakpahan, and B. Ferdiansyah (2021). Preparation of Pahae Natural Zeolite Nanoparticles Using High Energy Milling and Its Potential for Bioethanol Purification. Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, 14; 1265.
Susilawati, T. I. Nasution, F. Zebua, and H. Nainggolan (2017). Hydrogen Purification Using Natural Pahae Zeolite and Cocoa Rind Based Filter. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 12; 3914.
Susilawati, Y. A. Sihombing, S. U. Rahayu, Y. Y. B. Sembiring, L. Waldiansyah, and M. Irma (2023). Filter Material Based On Zeolite-Activated Charcoal From Cocoa Shells As Ammonium Adsorbent In Greywater Treatment. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 43; 266–272.
Susilawati, Y. A. Sihombing, S. U. Rahayu, L. Waldiansyah, and Y. Y. B. Sembiring (2022). The Effectiveness Of Pahae Natural Zeolite–Cocoa Shell Activated Charcoal Nanofilter As A Water Adsorber In Bioethanol Purification. ACS Omega, 7(43); 38417–38425.
Tewatia, P., M. Kaur, S. Singhal, and A. Kaushik (2021). Wheat Straw Cellulose Based Fluorescent Probe Cum Bioadsorbents For Selective And Sensitive Alleviation Of Uranium(VI) In Waste Water. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9(5); 106106.
Vasconcelos, A. A., T. Len, A. N. de Oliveira, A. A. F. d. Costa, A. R. d. S. Souza, C. E. F. d. Costa, and L. A. S. d. Nascimento (2023). Zeolites: A Theoretical And Practical Approach With Uses In (Bio)Chemical Processes. Applied Sciences, 13(3).
Wajima, T. (2019). Desalination Of Seawater Using Natural Zeolite For Agricultural Utilization. International Journal of Geomate, 16(56); 21–26.
Wajima, T. and F. Sekihata (2023). Desalination Behaviors From Seawater Using Natural Zeolite And Calcined Ca-Fe Layered Double Hydroxide For Cultivation. International Journal of Geomate, 24(105); 33–40.
Wajima, T., T. Shimizu, T. Yamato, and Y. Ikegami (2010). Removal Of NaCl From Seawater Using Natural Zeolite. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 92(1); 21–26.
Wen, C., H. Ding, and Y. Yang (2020). Performance Of Steam Ejector With Nonequilibrium Condensation For Multi-Effect Distillation With Thermal Vapour Compression (MED-TVC) Seawater Desalination System. Desalination, 489; 114531.
White, R. L. (2024). A Temperature Perturbation Infrared Spectroscopy Comparison Of HY And NaY Zeolite Dehydration/Rehydration. Minerals, 14(1); 104.
Wibowo, E., R. Aditya, N. Ulya, M. Rokhmat, P. Marwoto, and Sutisna (2023). Electrically Activated Zeolite For Reducing Seawater Salinity. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2673(1); 012004.
Wibowo, E., M. Rokhmat, R. Murniati, and M. Abdullah (2017a). Utilization Of Natural Zeolite As Sorbent Material For Seawater Desalination. Procedia Engineering, 170; 8–13.
Wibowo, E., M. Rokhmat, Sutisna, Khairurrijal, and M. Abdullah (2015). Thermally Activated Clay To Compete Zeolite For Seawater Desalination. Advanced Materials Research, 1112; 154–157.
Wibowo, E., M. Rokhmat, Sutisna, R. Murniati, K. Khairurrijal, and M. Abdullah (2017b). Reduction Of Seawater Salinity By Natural Zeolite (Clinoptilolite): Adsorption Isotherms, Thermodynamics And Kinetics. Desalination, 409; 146–156.
Xiao, G., X. Chen, T. Li, C. Wang, Q. Cui, and Y. Yue (2024). Eco-Friendly Synthesis And Environmental Impact Assessment Of Hierarchical Beta Zeolite From Kaolinite And Recycled Mother Liquor. Green Chemical Engineering, 5(4); 501–510.
Yefremova, S., A. Kablanbekov, B. Satbaev, and A. Zharmenov (2023). Rice Husk-Based Adsorbents For Removal Of Metals From Aqueous Solutions. Materials, 16(23); 7353.
Zarrintaj, P., G. Mahmodi, and S. Manouchehri (2020). Zeolite In Tissue Engineering: Opportunities And Challenges. MedComm, 1(1); 5–34.
Authors
Susilawati, Nitsae, M. ., Sinuhaji, P. ., Irma, M. ., Lubis, H. ., Rinaldi, F., & Rafly Ihsan As Siddiq, M. (2025). Desalination of Seawater using Pahae Natural Zeolite-Activated Carbon derived from Kepok Banana Peel (Musa paradisiaca Linn.). Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(1), 56–71. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2025.10.1.56-71
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