Ion Chromatographic Analysis of Major Electrolyte Cations in Sappan Wood Extract (Caesalpinia sappan L.)
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Keywords:
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Ion Chromatography, Electrolyte Cations, Sappan Wood
Abstract
Using ion chromatography, a convenient method for analyzing major electrolyte cations (lithium, sodium, ammonium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium) was presented and applied to Sappan wood samples. The analysis used a Metrohm C4-150/4.0 column with nitric acid (HNO3) as the eluent. Optimal separation was achieved with an eluent flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, resulting in excellent peak resolution and complete separation within 20 min. Calibration curves for all targeted cations were established within the 0.5 to 20.0 mg/L concentration range, demonstrating strong linearity with correlation coefficients (R2) greater than 0.999, ensuring accurate and reliable analysis. The Sappan wood samples were obtained from Ternate City, North Maluku, where cation concentrations were varied based on the extraction method. Boiling the sappan wood samples, as compared to soaking in hot purified water, significantly increased the release of electrolyte cations, resulting in higher concentrations and a greater variety of cations. Calcium was the most abundant cations in each extraction method, with a concentration of 37.80 mg/kg (5 min soaking), 43.92 mg/kg (10 min soaking), and 83.73 mg/kg (10 min boiling). In contrast, the concentration of three electrolyte cations: lithium, strontium, and barium, was below the instrument’s detection limit in all the samples.
References
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Syamsunarno, M. R. A., R. Safitri, and Y. Kamisah (2021). Protective Effects of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. And Its Bioactive Compounds on Cardiovascular Organs. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12; 725745.
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Wen, Z., K. Wolfs, A. Van Schepdael, and E. Adams (2022). Determination of Inorganic Ions in Parenteral Nutrition Solutions by Ion Chromatography. Molecules, 27(16); 5266.
White, P. J. and M. R. Broadley (2003). Calcium in Plants. Annals of Botany, 92(4); 487–511.
Yuan, H., Q. Ma, L. Ye, and G. Piao (2016). The Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine from Natural Products. Molecules, 21(5); 559.
Alva, S. (2021). Analysis of Potassium Ion (K+), Sodium Ion (Na+), and Proteins from Coconut Water Variety of Coconut and Hybrid Coconut. Journal of Chemical Natural Resources, 03(01); 77–83.
Amin, M., D. Liestianty, S. Bahri, A. R. Ibrahim, Muliadi, and N. Amin (2023). Ion Chromatographic Composition of Macromineral Cations in Diversity of North Maluku Nutmeg Species (Myristica spp.) Fruits Potentially as Electrolyte Supplement. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2720(1); 040003.
Amin, M., L. W. Lim, and T. Takeuchi (2008). Determination of Common Inorganic Anions and Cations by Non-Suppressed Ion Chromatography with Column Switching. Journal of Chromatography A, 1182(2); 169–175.
Bhardwaj, K., A. S. Silva, M. Atanassova, R. Sharma, E. Nepovimova, K. Musilek, R. Sharma, M. A. Alghuthaymi, D. S. Dhanjal, M. Nicoletti, B. Sharma, N. K. Upadhyay, N. Cruz-Martins, P. Bhardwaj, and K. Kuca (2021). Conifers Phytochemicals: A Valuable Forest with Therapeutic Potential. Molecules, 26(10); 3005.
Bhattacharya, S., N. Gupta, A. Flekalová, S. Gordillo-Alarcón, V. Espinel-Jara, and E. Fernández-Cusimamani (2024). Exploring Folklore Ecuadorian Medicinal Plants and Their Bioactive Components Focusing on Antidiabetic Potential: An Overview. Plants, 13(11); 1436.
Bisergaeva, R. A. and Y. N. Sirieva (2020). Determination of Calcium and Magnesium by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and Flame Photometry. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1691(1); 012055.
Blumwald, E., G. S. Aharon, and M. P. Apse (2000). Sodium Transport in Plant Cells. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta, 1465; 140–151.
Chen, W., F. Gao, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Li, Y. Zhang, Q. Wang, and P. He (2016). Sensitive Determination of Metal Ions in Drinking Water by Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled with Contactless Conductivity Detection Using 18-Crown-6 Ether and Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Bromide As Complexing Reagents. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 7(11); 737–747.
Dapson, R. W. and C. L. Bain (2015). Brazilwood, Sappanwood, Brazilin and the Red Dye Brazilein: From Textile Dyeing and Folk Medicine to Biological Staining and Musical Instruments. Biotechnic and Histochemistry, 90(6); 401–423.
Kabata-Pendias, A. (2010). Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. CRC Press, fourth edition.
Kolodziejska, B., N. Stepien, and J. Kolmas (2021). The Influence of Strontium on Bone Tissue Metabolism and Its Application in Osteoporosis Treatment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(12); 6564.
Kravchenko, J., T. H. Darrah, R. K. Miller, H. K. Lyerly, and A. Vengosh (2014). A Review of the Health Impacts of Barium from Natural and Anthropogenic Exposure. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 36(4); 797–814.
Krishna, S., A. K. Jaiswal, M. Sujata, M. Gupta, D. K. Sharma, and Z. Ali (2020). Barium Poisoning with Analytical Aspects and Its Management. International Journal of Advanced Research in Medicinal Chemistry, 2(1); 20–27.
Li, W., F. Xiang, M. Zhong, L. Zhou, H. Liu, S. Li, and X. Wang (2017). Transcriptome and Metabolite Analysis Identifies Nitrogen Utilization Genes in Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis). Scientific Reports, 7(1); 1693.
Ma, D., W. Teng, B. Yi, Y. Lin, Y. Pan, and L. Wang (2023). Effects of the Nitrate and Ammonium Ratio on Plant Characteristics and Erythropalum scandens Bl. Substrates. PLoS ONE, 18(8); e0289659.
Marie, N., C. Verdier, B. Le Bot, and G. Burgot (2011). Analysis of Sodium and Potassium in Total Parenteral Nutrition Bags by ICP-MS and ICP-AES: Critical Influence of the Ingredients. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2(5); 573–581.
Nadeau, K., Z. Mester, and L. Yang (2018). The Direct and Accurate Determination of Major Elements Ca, K, Mg and Na in Water by HR-ICPMS. Scientific Reports, 8(1); 17750.
Nagaraju, A. and S. Karimulla (2002). Accumulation of Elements in Plants and Soils in and around Nellore Mica Belt, Andhra Pradesh, India - a Biogeochemical Study. Environmental Geology, 41(7); 852–860.
Paredes, C., D. Ahumada, and J. Ágreda (2023). Gravimetric Complexometric Titration Method to Determine Mass Fraction of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Disodium Salt Dihydrate in Candidate-Certified Reference Materials. Mapan - Journal of Metrology Society of India, 38(1); 179–191.
Price, C. T., J. R. Langford, and F. A. Liporace (2012). Essential Nutrients for Bone Health and a Review of Their Availability in the Average North American Diet. The Open Orthopaedics Journal, 6; 143–149.
Rathore, D. (2017). Comments on Chemical Analysis of Limestone and Dolomite Using Capillary Electrophoresis. Journal of Chromatography & Separation Techniques, 8(359); 2.
Riaz, M., R. Khalid, M. Afzal, F. Anjum, H. Fatima, S. Zia, G. Rasool, C. Egbuna, A. G. Mtewa, C. Z. Uche, and M. A. Aslam (2023). Phytobioactive Compounds As Therapeutic Agents for Human Diseases: A Review. Food Science and Nutrition, 11(6); 2500–2529.
Safitri, R., M. Siahaan, and M. Ghozali (2022). Antimicrobial Activity of Sappan Wood Extract (Caesalpinia sappan L.) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. International Journal of Health Sciences, I; 7881–7896.
Sasongko, H., D. P. Hedianti, and L. I. Safitri (2024). Caesalpinia sappan Reduce Fever with an Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Mechanism: A Review. JPSCR: Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Clinical Research, 9(1); 119.
Schiefermeier-Mach, N., S. Egg, J. Erler, V. Hasenegger, P. Rust, J. König, and A. E. Purtscher (2020). Electrolyte Intake and Major Food Sources of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium among a Population in Western Austria. Nutrients, 12(7); 1–18.
Shyichuk, A., M. Kowalska, I. Shyychuk, J. Lamkiewicz, and D. Ziolkowska (2023). Determination of Calcium in Meat Products by Automatic Titration with 1,2-Diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N’,N’-Tetraacetic Acid. Molecules, 28(18); 6592.
Small, H. (1989). Ion Chromatography. Springer US, first edition.
Syamsunarno, M. R. A., R. Safitri, and Y. Kamisah (2021). Protective Effects of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. And Its Bioactive Compounds on Cardiovascular Organs. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12; 725745.
Vij, T., P. P. Anil, R. Shams, K. K. Dash, R. Kalsi, V. K. Pandey, E. Harsányi, B. Kovács, and A. M. Shaikh (2023). A Comprehensive Review on Bioactive Compounds Found in Caesalpinia sappan. Molecules, 28(17); 6247.
Wen, Z., K. Wolfs, A. Van Schepdael, and E. Adams (2022). Determination of Inorganic Ions in Parenteral Nutrition Solutions by Ion Chromatography. Molecules, 27(16); 5266.
White, P. J. and M. R. Broadley (2003). Calcium in Plants. Annals of Botany, 92(4); 487–511.
Yuan, H., Q. Ma, L. Ye, and G. Piao (2016). The Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine from Natural Products. Molecules, 21(5); 559.
Authors
Amin, M., Sedyohutomo, A., Amin, N., Ibrahim, A. R., & Mauraji, I. (2025). Ion Chromatographic Analysis of Major Electrolyte Cations in Sappan Wood Extract (Caesalpinia sappan L.). Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(1), 212–220. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2025.10.1.212-220
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