Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Turmeric Effervescent Dosage in Preventing Atherosclerosis
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Keywords:
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Curcumin, Atherosclerosis, Effervescent, Cholesterol
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the cholesterol-lowering effects of turmeric (Curcuma domestica) in an effervescent powder drink formulation to prevent atherosclerosis. The effervescent preparation was produced using standard effervescent techniques, with organoleptic tests revealing an orange color, the characteristic aroma of turmeric, and a slightly sweet taste. The formulation’s pH was approximately 5.9, with a flowability test result of 14 seconds, a powder angle of repose of 30°, and a dissolution time of 4 minutes and 20 seconds. Curcumin shows potential as an anticholesterol as a preventive measure of atherosclerosis disease through molecular docking testing using autodock-vina. Qualitative test on turmeric effervescent with Sprektrofotometer UV-VIS, Scanning Electon Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Cholesterol testing was conducted on mice induced with cholesterol using margarine over a one-week period, resulting in increased cholesterol levels of maximum 290 mg/dL. Following administration of the converted turmeric dosage, cholesterol levels significantly maximum decreased in the first week to 165 mg/dL. By the second week, further reductions were observed, with cholesterol levels maximum dropping to 143 mg/dL. These results suggest that turmeric effervescent formulation exhibits promising cholesterol-lowering properties and may contribute to the prevention of atherosclerosis
References
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Eberhardt, J., D. Santos-Martins, A. F. Tillack, and S. Forli (2021). AutoDock Vina 1.2.0: New Docking Methods, Expanded Force Field, and Python Bindings. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 61(8); 3891–3898.
Fadhilah, I. N. and D. Saryanti (2019). Formulation and Physical Stability Test of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) Extract Tablet Preparations by Wet Granulation. Smart Medical Journal, 2(1); 25–30.
Gillani, H. A., M. Khalid, S. Said, M. Khalid, S. Umbreen, and S. Tariq (2023). Vitamin C and Cranberry Extract Effervescent Tablet Formulation, Characterization, and Evaluation. International Journal of Pharmacy and Integrated Health Sciences, 4(1); 560605.
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Her, C., M.-C. Venier-Julienne, and E. Roger (2018). Improvement of Curcumin Bioavailability for Medical Applications. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, 7(6).
Hesson, J. (2024). The Effectiveness of Turmeric Supplementation in Reducing Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Adults. Revista Mexicana de Endocrinología, Metabolismo y Nutrición, 11(2); 60–73.
Iriyani, D., I. F. Romadhoni, and A. Bahar (2024). Quality Analysis of Herbal Teabags as Functional Drink. In Proceeding International Seminar of Science and Technology, 3; 109–116.
Laurent, O. and R. S. Sitorus (2023). Formulation and Evaluation of Effervescent Granules Ethanol Extract of Andaliman Fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) with Combination of Citric Acid-Tartaric Acid and Sodium Bicarbonate. Eureka Herba Indonesia, 4(4); 310–315.
Lee, G. H., K. S. Kim, and W. Jo (2023). Stress Evaluation of Mouse Husbandry Environments for Improving Laboratory Animal Welfare. Animals, 13(2); 1–11.
Mandal, S., M. Nicolas, and O. Pouliquen (2020). Insights into the Rheology of Cohesive Granular Media. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(15); 8366–8373.
Maxfield, F. R., N. Steinfeld, and C.-I. J. Ma (2023). The Formation and Consequences of Cholesterol-Rich Deposits in Atherosclerotic Lesions. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 10; 1–6.
Meng, T., Y. Zhang, J. Wang, C. H. Leo, Z. Li, J. Zhang, K. Gao, and Q. He (2023). Efficacy and Mechanism of Herbal Medicines and Their Functional Compounds in Preventing and Treating Cardiovascular Diseases and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors.
Moravkar, K., S. Korde, B. Bhairav, S. Shinde, S. Kakulade, and S. Chalikwar (2020). Traditional and Advanced Flow Characterization Techniques: A Platform Review for Development of Solid Dosage Form. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 82(6); 945–957.
Noothi, S. K., M. R. Ahmed, and D. K. Agrawal (2023). Residual Risks and Evolving Atherosclerotic Plaques. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 478(12); 2629–2643.
Pan, H., S. E. Ho, C. Xue, J. Cui, Q. S. Johanson, N. Sachs, L. S. Ross, F. Li, R. A. Solomon, E. S. Connolly Jr, et al. (2024). Atherosclerosis is a Smooth Muscle Cell–Driven Tumor-Like Disease. Circulation.
Panknin, T. M., C. L. Howe, M. Hauer, B. Bucchireddigari, A. M. Rossi, and J. L. Funk (2023). Curcumin Supplementation and Human Disease: A Scoping Review of Clinical Trials. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(5); 4476.
Parajuli-Baral, K. (2023). Formulation and Evaluation of Quality Parameters of Effervescent Granules from the Potent Antioxidant Between Two Variants of the Adaptogenic Herb (Ocimum tenuiflorum L.). Scientific World Journal, 2023.
Poznyak, A. V., A. A. Yakovlev, M. D. Popov, A. D. Zhuravlev, V. N. Sukhorukov, and A. N. Orekhov (2024). Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque Regression Strategies. The Journal of Biomedical Research.
Ray, S. and M. K. Saini (2021). Cure and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases: Herbs for Heart. Clinical Phytoscience, 7(1).
Rohmah, M. N. (2024). Utilization and Content of Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) as Medicine in Islamic Perspective. EsSyajar: Journal of Islam, Science and Technology Integration, 2(1); 178–186.
Safari, Z. and M. R. Rahimi (2023). The Effect of Curcumin on Anthropometric Indices, Blood Pressure, Lipid Profiles, Fasting Blood Glucose, Liver Enzymes, Fibrosis, and Steatosis in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Livers. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10.
Sahrawat, N. and N. Chaturvedi (2023). Quality Evaluation and Consumer Acceptance Test of Functional Fruit-Herb Beverages. Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research.
Salama, M., S. M. Ezzat, and M. Salem (2020). Natural Products for the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases. Natural Products in Clinical Trials, 2(1-00); 1–52.
Singh, L., Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Li, Y. Liu, Y. Chen, Y. Zhao, and Y. Huang (2021). Curcumin as a Natural Remedy for Atherosclerosis: A Pharmacological Review. Molecules, 26(13).
Srivastava, I., Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Li, Y. Liu, Y. Chen, Y. Zhao, and Y. Huang (2022). Flow and Arrest in Stressed Granular Materials. Soft Matter, 18(4); 735–743.
Trott, O. and A. J. Olson (2010). AutoDock Vina: Improving the Speed and Accuracy of Docking with a New Scoring Function, Efficient Optimization, and Multithreading. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 31(2); 455–461.
Widianingsih, S., Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Li, Y. Liu, Y. Chen, Y. Zhao, and Y. Huang (2024). Thermal Conversion of Coral Waste and Its Utilization as Low-Cost Catalyst for Biodiesel Production. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(4); 866–875.
Wilkinson, M. J., N. E. Lepor, and E. D. Michos (2023). Evolving Management of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: A Personalized Approach to Preventing Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Across the Risk Continuum. Journal of the American Heart Association, 12(11).
Yudha, S. and S. Nurhasanah (2024). Molecular Spectroscopic (FTIR and UV-Vis) Analysis and In Vitro Antibacterial Investigation of a Deep Eutectic Solvent of N,N-Dimethyl Urea-Citric Acid. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(1); 167–172.
Yudhani, R. D., K. Fahrurrozi, and D. Indarto (2022). New Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein from Indonesian Herbal Plants as Candidate Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10; 1624–1629.
Zeng, Y., Y. Luo, L. Wang, K. Zhang, J. Peng, and G. Fan (2023). Therapeutic Effect of Curcumin on Metabolic Diseases: Evidence from Clinical Studies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4); 3323.
Zhang, X., H. Xing, Y. Zhao, and Z. Ma (2018). Pharmaceutical Dispersion Techniques for Dissolution and Bioavailability Enhancement of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs. Pharmaceutics, 10(3); 74.
Bisht, B. S. (2019). Evaluation of Antianxiety Activity of Zonisamide Based on the Serendipitous Action in Swiss Albino Mice. International Journal of Current Research in Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(4); 27–32.
Cait, J., A. Cait, R. W. Scott, C. B. Winder, and G. J. Mason (2022). Conventional Laboratory Housing Increases Morbidity and Mortality in Research Rodents: Results of a Meta-Analysis. BMC Biology, 20(1); 1–22.
Chadchan, K. S., S. N. Das, J. G. Jargar, and K. K. Das (2017). A Comparative Study on Anti-diabetic Effects of Aqueous Trigonella foenum-graecum, Hibiscus cannabinus Linn, and Cicer arietinum Extracts on Alloxan Induced Diabetic Male Albino Rats. Journal of Young Pharmacists, 9(2); 230.
Chavan, R. T. and R. V. Salve (2023). Encapsulated Turmeric: An Innovative Approach for Improving Absorption and Effect. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 12(5); 2294–2301.
Cozmin, M., I.-I. Lungu, C. Gut,u, A. S, tefanache, L. D. Duceac, B. D. S, oltuzu, D. Damir, G. Călin, E. R. B. Goroftei, C. Grierosu, and M. Boev (2024). Turmeric: From Spice to Cure. A Review of the Anti-Cancer, Radioprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Turmeric Sourced Compounds. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11; 1–12.
Deng, Z., K. Yang, X. Cai, H. Mei, H. Xiao, and W. Gao (2023). The Beneficial Effects of Curcumin Supplementation on Blood Lipid Levels Among Patients with Metabolic Related Diseases in Asia Area: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 7; 1167913.
Eberhardt, J., D. Santos-Martins, A. F. Tillack, and S. Forli (2021). AutoDock Vina 1.2.0: New Docking Methods, Expanded Force Field, and Python Bindings. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 61(8); 3891–3898.
Fadhilah, I. N. and D. Saryanti (2019). Formulation and Physical Stability Test of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) Extract Tablet Preparations by Wet Granulation. Smart Medical Journal, 2(1); 25–30.
Gillani, H. A., M. Khalid, S. Said, M. Khalid, S. Umbreen, and S. Tariq (2023). Vitamin C and Cranberry Extract Effervescent Tablet Formulation, Characterization, and Evaluation. International Journal of Pharmacy and Integrated Health Sciences, 4(1); 560605.
Gomez, S., C. Anjali, B. Kuruvila, P. Maneesha, and M. Joseph (2023). Phytochemical Constitution and Antioxidant Activity of Functional Herbal Drink from Indian Gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) Fruits Containing Spices and Condiments. Food Production, Processing and Nutrition, 5(1); 12.
Her, C., M.-C. Venier-Julienne, and E. Roger (2018). Improvement of Curcumin Bioavailability for Medical Applications. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, 7(6).
Hesson, J. (2024). The Effectiveness of Turmeric Supplementation in Reducing Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Adults. Revista Mexicana de Endocrinología, Metabolismo y Nutrición, 11(2); 60–73.
Iriyani, D., I. F. Romadhoni, and A. Bahar (2024). Quality Analysis of Herbal Teabags as Functional Drink. In Proceeding International Seminar of Science and Technology, 3; 109–116.
Laurent, O. and R. S. Sitorus (2023). Formulation and Evaluation of Effervescent Granules Ethanol Extract of Andaliman Fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) with Combination of Citric Acid-Tartaric Acid and Sodium Bicarbonate. Eureka Herba Indonesia, 4(4); 310–315.
Lee, G. H., K. S. Kim, and W. Jo (2023). Stress Evaluation of Mouse Husbandry Environments for Improving Laboratory Animal Welfare. Animals, 13(2); 1–11.
Mandal, S., M. Nicolas, and O. Pouliquen (2020). Insights into the Rheology of Cohesive Granular Media. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(15); 8366–8373.
Maxfield, F. R., N. Steinfeld, and C.-I. J. Ma (2023). The Formation and Consequences of Cholesterol-Rich Deposits in Atherosclerotic Lesions. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 10; 1–6.
Meng, T., Y. Zhang, J. Wang, C. H. Leo, Z. Li, J. Zhang, K. Gao, and Q. He (2023). Efficacy and Mechanism of Herbal Medicines and Their Functional Compounds in Preventing and Treating Cardiovascular Diseases and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors.
Moravkar, K., S. Korde, B. Bhairav, S. Shinde, S. Kakulade, and S. Chalikwar (2020). Traditional and Advanced Flow Characterization Techniques: A Platform Review for Development of Solid Dosage Form. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 82(6); 945–957.
Noothi, S. K., M. R. Ahmed, and D. K. Agrawal (2023). Residual Risks and Evolving Atherosclerotic Plaques. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 478(12); 2629–2643.
Pan, H., S. E. Ho, C. Xue, J. Cui, Q. S. Johanson, N. Sachs, L. S. Ross, F. Li, R. A. Solomon, E. S. Connolly Jr, et al. (2024). Atherosclerosis is a Smooth Muscle Cell–Driven Tumor-Like Disease. Circulation.
Panknin, T. M., C. L. Howe, M. Hauer, B. Bucchireddigari, A. M. Rossi, and J. L. Funk (2023). Curcumin Supplementation and Human Disease: A Scoping Review of Clinical Trials. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(5); 4476.
Parajuli-Baral, K. (2023). Formulation and Evaluation of Quality Parameters of Effervescent Granules from the Potent Antioxidant Between Two Variants of the Adaptogenic Herb (Ocimum tenuiflorum L.). Scientific World Journal, 2023.
Poznyak, A. V., A. A. Yakovlev, M. D. Popov, A. D. Zhuravlev, V. N. Sukhorukov, and A. N. Orekhov (2024). Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque Regression Strategies. The Journal of Biomedical Research.
Ray, S. and M. K. Saini (2021). Cure and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases: Herbs for Heart. Clinical Phytoscience, 7(1).
Rohmah, M. N. (2024). Utilization and Content of Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) as Medicine in Islamic Perspective. EsSyajar: Journal of Islam, Science and Technology Integration, 2(1); 178–186.
Safari, Z. and M. R. Rahimi (2023). The Effect of Curcumin on Anthropometric Indices, Blood Pressure, Lipid Profiles, Fasting Blood Glucose, Liver Enzymes, Fibrosis, and Steatosis in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Livers. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10.
Sahrawat, N. and N. Chaturvedi (2023). Quality Evaluation and Consumer Acceptance Test of Functional Fruit-Herb Beverages. Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research.
Salama, M., S. M. Ezzat, and M. Salem (2020). Natural Products for the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases. Natural Products in Clinical Trials, 2(1-00); 1–52.
Singh, L., Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Li, Y. Liu, Y. Chen, Y. Zhao, and Y. Huang (2021). Curcumin as a Natural Remedy for Atherosclerosis: A Pharmacological Review. Molecules, 26(13).
Srivastava, I., Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Li, Y. Liu, Y. Chen, Y. Zhao, and Y. Huang (2022). Flow and Arrest in Stressed Granular Materials. Soft Matter, 18(4); 735–743.
Trott, O. and A. J. Olson (2010). AutoDock Vina: Improving the Speed and Accuracy of Docking with a New Scoring Function, Efficient Optimization, and Multithreading. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 31(2); 455–461.
Widianingsih, S., Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Li, Y. Liu, Y. Chen, Y. Zhao, and Y. Huang (2024). Thermal Conversion of Coral Waste and Its Utilization as Low-Cost Catalyst for Biodiesel Production. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(4); 866–875.
Wilkinson, M. J., N. E. Lepor, and E. D. Michos (2023). Evolving Management of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: A Personalized Approach to Preventing Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Across the Risk Continuum. Journal of the American Heart Association, 12(11).
Yudha, S. and S. Nurhasanah (2024). Molecular Spectroscopic (FTIR and UV-Vis) Analysis and In Vitro Antibacterial Investigation of a Deep Eutectic Solvent of N,N-Dimethyl Urea-Citric Acid. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(1); 167–172.
Yudhani, R. D., K. Fahrurrozi, and D. Indarto (2022). New Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein from Indonesian Herbal Plants as Candidate Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10; 1624–1629.
Zeng, Y., Y. Luo, L. Wang, K. Zhang, J. Peng, and G. Fan (2023). Therapeutic Effect of Curcumin on Metabolic Diseases: Evidence from Clinical Studies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4); 3323.
Zhang, X., H. Xing, Y. Zhao, and Z. Ma (2018). Pharmaceutical Dispersion Techniques for Dissolution and Bioavailability Enhancement of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs. Pharmaceutics, 10(3); 74.
Authors
Pomalango, Z. B., Paneo, M. A., Pakaya, N. ., Aman, L. O., & Hutuba, A. H. (2025). Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Turmeric Effervescent Dosage in Preventing Atherosclerosis. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(2), 482–492. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2025.10.2.482-492
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.