Potential of Tropical Seaweed Carageenan in Applications of Soft Capsule as a Replacement for Gelatin: A Review
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Keywords:
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Carageenan, Red Seaweed, Seaweed, Soft Capsule Shell
Abstract
Carrageenan, a natural sulfated polysaccharide extracted from red seaweed, has gained significant attention in the development of drug delivery systems, particularly as a capsule-forming material. With its biodegradable, biocompatible, and gel-forming properties, carrageenan offers great potential as a plant-based alternative to animal-derived gelatin. This review evaluates the potential of carrageenan, especially iota-carrageenan, in the production of soft capsules as a gelatin substitute, and compares the characteristics of carrageenan-based hard and soft capsules. Soft capsules are generally formulated with iota-carrageenan and plasticizers such as glycerol to achieve optimal flexibility, while hard capsules utilize kappa-carrageenan due to its stronger gel texture. Structural modifications, including depolymerization and polymer blending, have been reported to improve viscosity, elasticity, and disintegration time of carrageenan capsules. Nevertheless, limitations remain, such as high viscosity and slower disintegration compared to gelatin-based capsules. Therefore, formulation optimization and advanced extraction techniques are essential to enhance carrageenan capsule performance. Future research should emphasize cost-effective and high-purity extraction methods, engineered depolymerization processes, and the modification of kappa-carrageenan to exhibit iota-like flexibility. These strategies are expected to advance the feasibility of tropical seaweed-derived carrageenan as a sustainable and halal-compliant material for pharmaceutical capsule applications.
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Diharmi, A., Fardiaz, D., Andarwulan, N., & Heruwati, E. S. (2017). Chemical And Physical Characteristics of Carrageenan Extracted from Eucheuma spinosum Harvested from Three Different Indonesian Coastal Sea Regions. Phycological Research, 65(3), 256–261.
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Ferdiansyah, R., Abdassah, M., Zainuddin, A., Rachmaniar, R., & Chaerunisaa, A. Y. (2023). Effects of Alkaline Solvent Type and pH on Solid Physical Properties of Carrageenan From Eucheuma cottonii. Gels, 9(5), 397.
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Ghani, N. A. A., Othaman, R., Ahmad, A., Anuar, F. H., & Hassan, N. H. (2019). Impact Of Purification on Iota Carrageenan as Solid Polymer Electrolyte. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 12(3), 370–376.
Gullapalli, R. P., & Mazzitelli, C. L. (2017). Gelatin and Non-Gelatin Capsule Dosage Forms. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 106(6), 1453–1465.
Hajar, S., & Parden, M. S. (2023). Extraction Of Seaweed Cargenanan (Kappaphycus Alvarezii) With the Addition of NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide) Solution Concentration. International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Social Science 2023 (iCAST-SS 2023), 169–181. Atlantis Press.
Hamzah, A., Lanuru, M., & Syafiuddin, S. (2021). Oceanographic Effects on The Quantity and Quality of Carrageenan From Seaweed Kappaphycus striatum Cultivated Using Longline Method in Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP), 11(10), 556–561.
Hidayat, T., Syamsu, K., Sunarti, T. C., Nurilmala, M., & Manalu, L. P. (2024). Preliminary Study Effect of By-Products of Biodiesel Glycerol in Increasing The Elasticity of Film Sheets for Seaweed Derivative-Based Soft Capsules. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1354, 012019.
Hij Machinery. (2019). Soft Gelatin Capsules: A Complete Guide for Your Pharmaceutical Business.
Hilliou, L. (2021). Structure–Elastic Properties Relationships in Gelling Carrageenans. Polymers, 13(23), 4120.
Hilliou, L., Larotonda, F. D. S., Abreu, P., Ramos, A. M., Sereno, A. M., & Goncalves, M. P. (2006). Effect of Extraction Parameters on The Chemical Structure and Gel Properties of k/i-Hybrid Carrageenans Obtained from Mastocarpus stellatus. Biomolecular Engineering, 23(4), 201–208.
Imeson, A. P. (2009). Carrageenan and Furcellaran. In G. O. Phillips & P. A. Williams (Eds.), Handbook of Hydrocolloids (2nd ed.). Woodhead Publishing Limited.
Jiang, F., Liu, Y., Xiao, Q., Chen, F., Weng, H., Chen, J., & Xiao, A. (2022). Eco-Friendly Extraction, Structure, And Gel Properties of i-Carrageenan Extracted Using Ca(OH)2. Marine Drugs, 20(7), 419.
Kasim, S., Alam, G., Rifai, Y., & Utami, R. N. (2023). Optimization of Carrageenan Extraction from Kappaphycus alvarezii Red Algae Using Microwave Assisted Extraction Method with Variation of Solvent Concentration. SCIREA Journal of Physics, 8(2), 115–128.
Komersová, A., Svoboda, R., Skalická, B., Bartoš, M., Šnejdrová, E., Mužíková, J., & Matzick, K. (2022). Matrix Tablets Based on Chitosan–Carrageenan Polyelectrolyte Complex: Unique Matrices for Drug Targeting in The Intestine. Pharmaceuticals, 15(8), 980.
Lestari, M. F., Yusra, S., Fuady, M. I. N., & Rahim, H. (2024). Analysis of Carrageenan Quality of Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum Seaweed From Bantaeng Regency and Its Export Permit Regulations in Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1314, 012002.
Li, X., Li, C., Liu, Y., Han, G., Lin, C., Chen, X., & Mao, J. (2024). Rheological and Structural Characterization of Carrageenans During Depolymerization Conducted By A Marine Bacterium Shewanella sp. LE8. Gels, 10(8), 502.
Liu, Y., An, D., Xiao, Q., Chen, F., Zhang, Y., Weng, H., & Xiao, A. (2022). A Novel k-Carrageenan Extracting Process with Calcium Hydroxide and Carbon Dioxide. Food Hydrocolloids, 127, 107507.
Manuhara, G. J., Praseptiangga, D., & Riyanto, R. A. (2016). Extraction and Characterization of Refined k-Carrageenan of Red Algae [Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty ex PC Silva, 1996)] Originated from Karimun Jawa Islands. Aquatic Procedia, 7, 106–111.
Mendes, M., Cotas, J., Gutiérrez, I. B., Gonçalves, A. M., Critchley, A. T., Hinaloc, L. A. R., & Pereira, L. (2024). Advanced Extraction Techniques and Physicochemical Properties of Carrageenan from a Novel Kappaphycus alvarezii Cultivar. Marine Drugs, 22(11), 491.
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. (2020). Indonesian Pharmacopoeia (6th ed.). Ministry of Health RI.
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Authors
Hidayat, T., Syamsu, K., Sunarti, T. C., Nurilmala, M., & Manalu, L. (2025). Potential of Tropical Seaweed Carageenan in Applications of Soft Capsule as a Replacement for Gelatin: A Review. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(4), 1288–1300. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2025.10.4.1288-1300
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