MgO Scattering Effects on CCT Uniformity and Lumen Strength of The Traditional White LED Packages
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Keywords:
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MgO, YAG:Ce3 , LEDs, Lumen Output, Color Quality
Abstract
Scattering of light within white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is crucial for minimizing internal reflection and ensuring consistent color distribution. Among the array of scattering-induced nanoparticles, magnesium oxide (MgO) stands out for its distinctive scattering performance, positioning it as a promising material in the field of optic fiber sensing. This study investigates the integration of MgO nanoparticles into yellow phosphor films with the aim of augmenting the color uniformity and luminous efficiency of conventional white LEDs, specifically those excited by blue light. Light scattering is evaluated across varying concentrations of MgO within the phosphor layer. Results reveal that manipulation of MgO nanoparticle concentration enables precise control over correlated color temperature (CCT) regulation in white LEDs. Furthermore, the inclusion of MgO nanoparticles reduces the requisite amount of yellow phosphor for LED fabrication, thereby curbing production costs. Significantly, MgO exhibits potential in harmonizing CCT and luminosity in white LEDs. Additionally, there is a marginal improvement in color quality scale with increasing MgO concentration. The optimal MgO concentration for achieving a balance between CCT uniformity, luminosity, and color reproduction parameters is determined to be 7 wt.%.
References
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Dawodu, A., A. Cheshmehzangi, and A. Sharifi (2020). A Multi-Dimensional Energy-Based Analysis of Neighborhood Sustainability Assessment Tools: Are Institutional Indicators Really Missing? Building Research and Information, 49(5); 574–592
Du, J., Y. An, D. Wu, C. Wang, C. Zhu, X. F. Li, and D. Ma (2020). Easy-to-Process and High-Performance Colorful Perovskite Solar Cells Using a Multilayer Planar Filter. Optics Letters, 45(22); 6326
Fuertes, V., J. F. Fernández, and E. Enríquez (2019). Enhanced Luminescence in Rare-Earth-Free Fast-Sintering Glass-Ceramic. Optica, 6(5); 668
Huang, Z., W. Chen, Q. Liu, Y. Wang, M. R. Pointer, Y. Liu, and J. Liang (2021). Towards an Optimum Color Preference Metric for White Light Sources: A Comprehensive Investigation Based on Empirical Data. Optics Express, 29(5); 6302
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Li, N., Y. Zhang, Y. Quan, L. Li, S. Ye, Q. Fan, and W. Huang (2018a). High-Efficiency Solution-Processed WOLEDs with Very High Color Rendering Index Based on a Macro Spirocyclic Oligomer Matrix Host. Optical Materials Express, 8(10); 3208
Li, Y., Y. Wang, E. Y. Pun, and H. Lin (2018b). Bead-on-String Fibers Electro-Spun from Terbium Acetylacetonate Hydrate Doped Poly Methyl Methacrylate. Optical Materials Express, 8(2); 276
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My, L. T. T., N. L. Thai, T. M. Bui, H.-Y. Lee, and N. D. Q. Anh (2022). Phosphor Conversion for WLEDs: YBO3:Ce3+,Tb3+ and Its Effects on the Luminous Intensity and Chromatic Properties of Dual-Layer WLED Model. Materials Science Poland, 40(4); 105–113
Peng, Y., Y. Mou, X. Guo, X. Xu, H. Li, and X. Luo (2018). Flexible Fabrication of a Patterned Red Phosphor Layer on a YAG:Ce3+ Phosphor-in-Glass for High-Power WLEDs. Optical Materials Express, 8(3); 605
Royer, M. P. (2019). Evaluating Tradeoffs Between Energy Efficiency and Color Rendition. OSA Continuum, 2(8); 2308
Shih, H.-K., C.-N. Liu, W.-C. Cheng, and W.-H. Cheng (2020). High Color Rendering Index of 94 in White LEDs Employing Novel CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ and Lu3Al5O12:Ce3+ Co-Doped Phosphor-in-Glass. Optics Express, 28(19); 28218
Shin, J.-Y., H. Cho, J. Lee, J. Moon, J.-H. Han, K. Kim, S. Cho, J.-I. Lee, B.-H. Kwon, D.-H. Cho, K. M. Lee, M. Suemitsu, and N. S. Cho (2018). Overcoming the Efficiency Limit of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Using Ultra-Thin and Transparent Graphene Electrodes. Optics Express, 26(2); 617
Talone, M. and G. Zibordi (2020). Spatial Uniformity of the Spectral Radiance by White LED-Based Flat-Fields. OSA Continuum, 3(9); 2501
Tang, W., B. Wang, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, J. Lin, and Q. Zeng (2018). Single Pr3+-Activated High-Color-Stability Fluoride White-Light Phosphor for White-Light-Emitting Diodes. Optical Materials Express, 9(1); 223
Thi, M. H. N., P. T. That, and N. D. Q. Anh (2020a). Eu2+ Activated Strontium-Barium Silicate: a Positive Solution for Improving Luminous Efficacy and Color Uniformity of White Light-Emitting Diodes. Materials Science-Poland, 38(4); 594–600
Thi, M. H. N., P. T. That, N. D. Q. Anh, and T. T. Trang (2020b). Triple-Layer Remote Phosphor Structure: a Novel Option for the Enhancement of WLEDs’ Color Quality and Luminous Flux. Materials Science Poland, 38(4); 654–660
Tung, H. T., N. D. Q. Anh, and H. Y. Lee (2024a). Impact of Phosphor Granule Magnitudes as well as Mass Proportions on the Luminous Hue Efficiency of a Coated White Light-Emitting Diode and one Green Phosphor Film. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials - Rapid Communications, 18(1-2); 58–65
Tung, H. T., B. T. Minh, N. L. Thai, H. Y. Lee, and N. D. Q. Anh (2024b). ZnO Particles as Scattering Centers to Optimize Color Production and Lumen Efficiencies of Warm White LEDs. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials - Rapid Communications, 18(5-6); 1–6
Wu, C., Z. Liu, Y. Zhi-Guo, X. Peng, Z. Liu, X. Liu, X. Yao, and Y. Zhang (2020). Phosphor-Converted Laser-Diode Based White Lighting Module with High Luminous Flux and Color Rendering Index. Optics Express, 28(13); 19085
Xing, Y., C. Chai, J. Chen, S. Zheng, and C. Chen (2019). Single 395 nm Excitation Warm WLED with a Luminous Efficiency of 104.86 lm/W and a Color Rendering Index of 90.7. Optical Materials Express, 9(11); 4273
Yang, H., P. Li, Z. Ye, X. Huo, Q. Wu, Y. Wang, and Z. Wang (2021). Structural Modulation Designed a Thermally Robust Blue-Cyan Emitting Phosphor Y2Mg0.8Sr0.2Al4SiO12:Eu2+ for the High Color Rendering Index White LEDs. Optics Letters, 46(22); 5639
Zhang, W., W. Yang, P. Zhong, S. Mei, G. Zhang, G. Chen, G. He, and R. Guo (2017). Spectral Optimization of Color Temperature Tunable White LEDs Based on Perovskite Quantum Dots for Ultrahigh Color Rendition. Optical Materials Express, 7(9); 3065
Zhong, W., J. Liu, D. Hua, S. Guo, K. Yan, and C. Zhang (2019). White LED Light Source Radar System for Multi-Wavelength Remote Sensing Measurement of Atmospheric Aerosols. Applied Optics, 58(31); 8542
Anh, N. D. Q., N. T. P. Loan, P. V. De, and H. Y. Lee (2025). Potassium Bromide Scattering Simulation for Improving Phosphor-Converting White LED Performance. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials - Rapid Communications, 19(7-8); 378–383
Anh, N. D. Q. and H. V. Ngoc (2020). Building Superior Lighting Properties for WLEDs Utilizing Two-Layered Remote Phosphor Configurations. Materials Science-Poland, 38(3); 493–501
Chen, D., S. Miao, Y. Liang, W. Wang, S. Yan, J. Bi, and K. Sun (2021). Controlled Synthesis and Photoluminescence Properties of Bi2SiO5:Eu3+ Core-Shell Nanospheres with an Intense 5D0→7F4 Transition. Optical Materials Express, 11(2); 355
Cong, P. H. and N. D. Q. Anh (2025). Augmenting Chroma Performance for WLED Employing Sr8ZnSc(PO4)7:Eu2+@SiO2 as a Scattering-Enhancing Substance. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(2); 467–472
Cong, P. H., L. X. Thuy, N. T. P. Loan, H. Y. Lee, and N. D. Q. Anh (2024). ZnO-Doped Yellow Phosphor Compound for Enhancing Phosphor-Conversion Layer's Performance in White LEDs. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials - Rapid Communications, 18(7-8); 389–395
Dawodu, A., A. Cheshmehzangi, and A. Sharifi (2020). A Multi-Dimensional Energy-Based Analysis of Neighborhood Sustainability Assessment Tools: Are Institutional Indicators Really Missing? Building Research and Information, 49(5); 574–592
Du, J., Y. An, D. Wu, C. Wang, C. Zhu, X. F. Li, and D. Ma (2020). Easy-to-Process and High-Performance Colorful Perovskite Solar Cells Using a Multilayer Planar Filter. Optics Letters, 45(22); 6326
Fuertes, V., J. F. Fernández, and E. Enríquez (2019). Enhanced Luminescence in Rare-Earth-Free Fast-Sintering Glass-Ceramic. Optica, 6(5); 668
Huang, Z., W. Chen, Q. Liu, Y. Wang, M. R. Pointer, Y. Liu, and J. Liang (2021). Towards an Optimum Color Preference Metric for White Light Sources: A Comprehensive Investigation Based on Empirical Data. Optics Express, 29(5); 6302
Jones, C. M. S., N. A. Panov, E. Hemmer, and J. Marqués Hueso (2021). Characterizing Up-Conversion Thermometers Through Direct Absolute Photoluminescence Quantum Yield Measurements. In OSA Optical Sensors and Sensing Congress 2021 (AIS, FTS, HISE, SENSORS, ES)
Jost, S., C. Cauwerts, and P. Avouac (2018). CIE 2017 Color Fidelity Index Rf: a Better Index to Predict Perceived Color Difference? Journal of the Optical Society of America, 35(4); B202
Le, P. X., N. D. Q. Anh, and H. Y. Lee (2024). Regulating the White LED Properties with Different SiO2 Particle Sizes. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials - Rapid Communications, 18(9-10); 485–489
Lee, H., H. Cho, C.-W. Byun, J.-H. Han, B.-H. Kwon, S. Choi, J. Lee, and N. S. Cho (2018). Color-Tunable Organic Light Emitting Diodes with Vertically Stacked Blue, Green, and Red Colors for Lighting and Display Applications. Optics Express, 26(14); 18351
Li, N., Y. Zhang, Y. Quan, L. Li, S. Ye, Q. Fan, and W. Huang (2018a). High-Efficiency Solution-Processed WOLEDs with Very High Color Rendering Index Based on a Macro Spirocyclic Oligomer Matrix Host. Optical Materials Express, 8(10); 3208
Li, Y., Y. Wang, E. Y. Pun, and H. Lin (2018b). Bead-on-String Fibers Electro-Spun from Terbium Acetylacetonate Hydrate Doped Poly Methyl Methacrylate. Optical Materials Express, 8(2); 276
Loan, N. T. P., N. D. Q. Anh, N. C. Trang, and H.-Y. Lee (2022). Better Color Distribution Uniformity and Higher Luminous Intensity for LED by Using a Three-Layered Remote Phosphor Structure. Materials Science Poland, 40(1); 60–67
Loan, N. T. P., L. X. Thuy, N. L. Thai, H. Y. Lee, and P. H. Cong (2024). Application of KBaYSi2O7:Bi3+,Eu3+ Phosphor for White Light-Emitting Diodes with Excellent Color Quality. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(3); 756–765
Ma, Y., L. Zhang, J. Huang, R. Wang, T. Li, T. Zhou, Z. Shi, J. Li, Y. Li, G. Huang, Z. Wang, F. A. Selim, M. Li, Y. Wang, and H. Chen (2021). Broadband Emission Gd3Sc2Al3O12:Ce3+ Transparent Ceramics with a High Color Rendering Index for High-Power White LEDs/LDs. Optics Express, 29(6); 9474
My, L. T. T., N. L. Thai, T. M. Bui, H.-Y. Lee, and N. D. Q. Anh (2022). Phosphor Conversion for WLEDs: YBO3:Ce3+,Tb3+ and Its Effects on the Luminous Intensity and Chromatic Properties of Dual-Layer WLED Model. Materials Science Poland, 40(4); 105–113
Peng, Y., Y. Mou, X. Guo, X. Xu, H. Li, and X. Luo (2018). Flexible Fabrication of a Patterned Red Phosphor Layer on a YAG:Ce3+ Phosphor-in-Glass for High-Power WLEDs. Optical Materials Express, 8(3); 605
Royer, M. P. (2019). Evaluating Tradeoffs Between Energy Efficiency and Color Rendition. OSA Continuum, 2(8); 2308
Shih, H.-K., C.-N. Liu, W.-C. Cheng, and W.-H. Cheng (2020). High Color Rendering Index of 94 in White LEDs Employing Novel CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ and Lu3Al5O12:Ce3+ Co-Doped Phosphor-in-Glass. Optics Express, 28(19); 28218
Shin, J.-Y., H. Cho, J. Lee, J. Moon, J.-H. Han, K. Kim, S. Cho, J.-I. Lee, B.-H. Kwon, D.-H. Cho, K. M. Lee, M. Suemitsu, and N. S. Cho (2018). Overcoming the Efficiency Limit of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Using Ultra-Thin and Transparent Graphene Electrodes. Optics Express, 26(2); 617
Talone, M. and G. Zibordi (2020). Spatial Uniformity of the Spectral Radiance by White LED-Based Flat-Fields. OSA Continuum, 3(9); 2501
Tang, W., B. Wang, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, J. Lin, and Q. Zeng (2018). Single Pr3+-Activated High-Color-Stability Fluoride White-Light Phosphor for White-Light-Emitting Diodes. Optical Materials Express, 9(1); 223
Thi, M. H. N., P. T. That, and N. D. Q. Anh (2020a). Eu2+ Activated Strontium-Barium Silicate: a Positive Solution for Improving Luminous Efficacy and Color Uniformity of White Light-Emitting Diodes. Materials Science-Poland, 38(4); 594–600
Thi, M. H. N., P. T. That, N. D. Q. Anh, and T. T. Trang (2020b). Triple-Layer Remote Phosphor Structure: a Novel Option for the Enhancement of WLEDs’ Color Quality and Luminous Flux. Materials Science Poland, 38(4); 654–660
Tung, H. T., N. D. Q. Anh, and H. Y. Lee (2024a). Impact of Phosphor Granule Magnitudes as well as Mass Proportions on the Luminous Hue Efficiency of a Coated White Light-Emitting Diode and one Green Phosphor Film. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials - Rapid Communications, 18(1-2); 58–65
Tung, H. T., B. T. Minh, N. L. Thai, H. Y. Lee, and N. D. Q. Anh (2024b). ZnO Particles as Scattering Centers to Optimize Color Production and Lumen Efficiencies of Warm White LEDs. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials - Rapid Communications, 18(5-6); 1–6
Wu, C., Z. Liu, Y. Zhi-Guo, X. Peng, Z. Liu, X. Liu, X. Yao, and Y. Zhang (2020). Phosphor-Converted Laser-Diode Based White Lighting Module with High Luminous Flux and Color Rendering Index. Optics Express, 28(13); 19085
Xing, Y., C. Chai, J. Chen, S. Zheng, and C. Chen (2019). Single 395 nm Excitation Warm WLED with a Luminous Efficiency of 104.86 lm/W and a Color Rendering Index of 90.7. Optical Materials Express, 9(11); 4273
Yang, H., P. Li, Z. Ye, X. Huo, Q. Wu, Y. Wang, and Z. Wang (2021). Structural Modulation Designed a Thermally Robust Blue-Cyan Emitting Phosphor Y2Mg0.8Sr0.2Al4SiO12:Eu2+ for the High Color Rendering Index White LEDs. Optics Letters, 46(22); 5639
Zhang, W., W. Yang, P. Zhong, S. Mei, G. Zhang, G. Chen, G. He, and R. Guo (2017). Spectral Optimization of Color Temperature Tunable White LEDs Based on Perovskite Quantum Dots for Ultrahigh Color Rendition. Optical Materials Express, 7(9); 3065
Zhong, W., J. Liu, D. Hua, S. Guo, K. Yan, and C. Zhang (2019). White LED Light Source Radar System for Multi-Wavelength Remote Sensing Measurement of Atmospheric Aerosols. Applied Optics, 58(31); 8542
Authors
De, P. V. ., Thinh, D. T. ., & Ho , S. D. (2025). MgO Scattering Effects on CCT Uniformity and Lumen Strength of The Traditional White LED Packages. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(4), 1280–1287. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2025.10.4.1280-1287
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