Citrus hystrix DC. Peel Essential Oil Protects Mice from UVB-Induced Skin Damage through Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Properties
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Keywords:
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Immunomodulatory Effects, Natural Skincare, Photodamage, Skin Protection
Abstract
This study evaluated the protective effects of Citrus hystrix peel essential oil (EOCH) against UVB-induced skin damage in mice. The mice were randomly divided into six groups: a normal control, a UVB-exposed group, a UVB+VAP group, and three EOCH-treated groups receiving 1%, 5%, or 10% EOCH. UVB exposure was applied for 4 weeks to induce skin damage. Skin damage was assessed by scoring lesions and measuring moisture levels, while oxidative stress was evaluated by determining malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels in the organs. The antioxidant defense was analyzed via the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and thioredoxin reductase (TRx), along with the GSH/GSSG ratio. Immune response was assessed by measuring white blood cell (WBC) counts and evaluating phagocytic activity. UVB exposure increased skin damage scores to 3.6±0.55 and reduced moisture from 34.88±0.83% to 16.61±0.53% (p < 0.05). In contrast, the EOCH10 group restored damage scores to 0 and moisture levels to 31.85±0.34% (p < 0.05 vs. UVB). EOCH10 also significantly lowered MDA and H2O2 levels and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities. Moreover, immune parameters were improved, with WBC counts, PR, and PI showing significant recovery (p < 0.05). Overall, EOCH demonstrated comprehensive protective effects against UVB-induced skin damage, supporting its potential as a natural therapeutic agent.
References
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Basholli-Salihu, M., R. Schuster, A. Hajdari, D. Mulla, H. Viernstein, B. Mustafa, and M. Mueller (2017). Phytochemical Composition, Anti-Inflammatory Activity, and Cytotoxic Effects of Essential Oils from Three Pinus spp. Pharmaceutical Biology, 55(1); 1553–1560.
Budiman, C., A. Miatmoko, V. E. P. S. Tyas, C. Ardianto, and D. Retnowati (2024). The Effects of Beta-Ionone Addition in Perfume on Behavior and Serum Cortisol Level of Stress-Induced Mice. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(2); 470–479.
Carson, C. F., K. A. Hammer, and T. V. Riley (2006). Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil: A Review of Antimicrobial and Other Medicinal Properties. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 19(1); 50–62.
Chaudhary, P., P. Janmeda, A. O. Docea, B. Yeskaliyeva, A. F. A. Razis, B. Modu, D. Calina, and J. Sharifi-Rad (2023). Oxidative Stress, Free Radicals and Antioxidants: Potential Crosstalk in the Pathophysiology of Human Diseases. Frontiers in Chemistry, 11; 1158198.
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Dourmishev, L. and D. Guleva (2021). Ultraviolet Diagnostic and Treatment Modalities in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. Clinics in Dermatology, 39(3); 446–450.
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Ghani, A., S. Mohtashami, and S. Jamalian (2021). Peel Essential Oil Content and Constituent Variations and Antioxidant Activity of Grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi var. Red Blush) During Color Change Stages. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 15(6); 4917–4928.
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He, X., X. Gao, and W. Xie (2024). Research Progress in Skin Aging and Immunity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(7); 4101.
Hernández, A. R., B. Vallejo, T. Ruzgas, and S. Björklund (2019). The Effect of UVB Irradiation and Oxidative Stress on the Skin Barrier—A New Method to Evaluate Sun Protection Factor Based on Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy. Sensors, 19(10); 2376.
Jaffri, J. M. (2023). Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant System in Selected Skin Disorders. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, 30(1); 7–20.
Kaur, C. D. and S. Saraf (2010). In Vitro Sun Protection Factor Determination of Herbal Oils Used in Cosmetics. Pharmacognosy Research, 2(1); 22–25.
Kim, H. J. and J. H. Hong (2024). Multiplicative Effects of Essential Oils and Other Active Components on Skin Tissue and Skin Cancers. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(10); 5397.
Li, L., L. Chong, T. Huang, Y. Ma, Y. Li, and H. Ding (2023). Natural Products and Extracts from Plants as Natural UV Filters for Sunscreens: A Review. Animal Models and Experimental Medicine, 6(3); 183–195.
Li, Y., W. Li, Z. Ye, C. Ji, and Z. Zhou (2024). Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Activities of Five Citrus Peel Essential Oils. Antioxidants, 13(12); 1562.
Lin, F. R., X. X. Feng, C. W. Li, X. J. Zhang, X. T. Yu, J. Y. Zhou, X. Zhang, Y. L. Xie, Z. R. Su, and J. Y. X. Zhan (2014). Prevention of UV Radiation-Induced Cutaneous Photoaging in Mice by Topical Administration of Patchouli Oil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 154; 408–418.
Lohani, A. and P. Morganti (2022). Age-Defying and Photoprotective Potential of Geranium/Calendula Essential Oil Encapsulated Vesicular Cream on Biochemical Parameters Against UVB Radiation-Induced Skin Aging in Rat. Cosmetics, 9; 43.
Long, D. M., L. P. T. Quoc, T. T. P. Nhung, V. B. Thy, and N. L. Q. Nhu (2023). Chemical Profiles and Biological Activities of Essential Oil of Citrus hystrix DC. Peels. Korean Journal of Food Preservation, 30(3); 395–404.
Mardiyanto, M., I. Sholihah, and T. G. Jaya (2020). The Chitosan-Sodium Alginate Submicro Particles Loading Herbal of Ethanolic Extract of Leaves Senna alata L. for Curing of Bacterial Infection on Skin. Science and Technology Indonesia, 5(3); 85–89.
Nhung, T. T. P. and L. P. T. Quoc (2024a). Anti-Oxidative Stress and Immunosuppressive Effects of Ethanol Extract from Sachainchi Leaves in Mice with CFA-Induced Rheumatoid Arthritis. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 8(9); 8584–8592.
Nhung, T. T. P. and L. P. T. Quoc (2024b). Ethanol Extract of Caryota urens Lour Fruits Alleviates Oxidative Stress in a Murine Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis Induced by Freund’s Complete Adjuvant. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 8(4); 6948–6956.
Nhung, T. T. P. and L. P. T. Quoc (2024c). The Ethanol Extraction of Gardenia stenophylla Merr Fruit Mitigates Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatic Damage in Mice Through Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Immunosuppression. International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 20(5); 2015–2034.
Nova, B. G. V., L. D. S. Silva, M. D. S. Andrade, A. V. S. de Santana, L. C. T. da Silva, G. C. Sá, I. F. Zafred, P. H. D. A. Moreira, C. A. Monteiro, L. C. N. da Silva, and A. G. Abreu (2024). The Essential Oil of Melaleuca alternifolia Incorporated into Hydrogel Induces Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Effects on Infected Wounds by Staphylococcus aureus. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 173; 116389
Nunes, K. C., D. Lazarin-Bidoia, T. Ueda-Nakamura, S. D. O. S. Lautenschlager, R. Michel, R. Auzély-Velty, and C. V. Nakamura (2025). Syringic Acid Protective Role: Combatting Oxidative Stress Induced by UVB Radiation in L-929 Fibroblasts. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 264; 113104
Nuryandani, E., E. Novitasari, M. F. Abdurrahman, N. Habibi, A. R. Sefrienda, D. Kurnianto, J. Jasmadi, and Y. Andriana (2024). Chemometric Analysis of GC-MS Chemical Profiles and Biological Activities of Three Citrus Essential Oils in Indonesia. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 14(12); 187–195
Pandur, E., A. Balatinácz, G. Micalizzi, L. Mondello, A. Horvát, K. Sipos, and G. Horváth (2021). Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) Essential Oil Prepared During Different Plant Phenophases on THP-1 Macrophages. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 21; 287
Perna, S., D. Spadaccini, L. Botteri, C. Girometta, A. Riva, P. Allegrini, G. Petrangolini, V. Infantino, and M. Rondanelli (2019). Efficacy of Bergamot: From Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Mechanisms to Clinical Applications as a Preventive Agent for Cardiovascular Morbidity, Skin Diseases, and Mood Alterations. Food Science & Nutrition, 7(2); 369–384
Pezantes-Orellana, C., F. G. Bermúdez, C. M. De la Cruz, J. L. Montalvo, and A. Orellana-Manzano (2024). Essential Oils: A Systematic Review on Revolutionizing Health, Nutrition, and Omics for Optimal Well-Being. Frontiers in Medicine, 11; 1337785
Pomi, F. L., V. Papa, F. Borgia, M. Vaccaro, A. Allegra, N. Cicero, and S. Gangemi (2023). Rosmarinus officinalis and Skin: Antioxidant Activity and Possible Therapeutical Role in Cutaneous Diseases. Antioxidants, 12(3); 680
Siti, H. N., S. Mohamed, and Y. Kamisah (2022). Potential Therapeutic Effects of Citrus hystrix DC and Its Bioactive Compounds on Metabolic Disorders. Pharmaceuticals, 15(2); 167
Stasiłowicz-Krzemień, A., D. Szymanowska, P. Szulc, and J. Cielecka-Piontek (2024). Antimicrobial, Probiotic, and Immunomodulatory Potential of Cannabis sativa Extract and Delivery Systems. Antibiotics, 13(4); 369
Wei, M., X. He, N. Liu, and H. Deng (2024). Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Ultraviolet-Induced Photodamage of the Skin. Cell Division, 19; 1
Xu, J., T. Li, F. Li, H. Qiang, X. Wei, R. Zhan, and Y. Chen (2025). The Applications and Mechanisms of Rosmarinus officinalis L. in the Management of Different Wounds and UV-Irradiated Skin. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 15; 1461790
Xu, X., Z. Ding, C. Pu, C. Kong, S. Chen, W. Lu, and J. Zhang (2024). The Structural Characterization and UV-Protective Properties of an Exopolysaccharide from a Paenibacillus Isolate. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 15; 1434136
Yang, J., S. Y. Lee, S. K. Jang, K. J. Kim, and M. J. Park (2023a). Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Essential Oils from the Peels of Citrus Cultivars. Pharmaceutics, 15(6); 1595
Yang, J. W., G. B. Fan, F. Tan, H. M. Kong, Q. Liu, Y. Zou, and Y. M. Tan (2023b). The Role and Safety of UVA and UVB in UV-Induced Skin Erythema. Frontiers in Medicine, 10; 1163697
Zhang, P. C., Y. Hong, S. Q. Zong, L. Chen, C. Zhang, D. Z. Tian, D. Ke, and L. M. Tian (2023). Variation of Ferroptosis-Related Markers in HaCaT Cell Photoaging Models Induced by UVB. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 16; 3147–3155
Zhou, Y., L. He, N. Zhang, L. Ma, and L. Yao (2021). Photoprotective Effect of Artemisia sieversiana Ehrhart Essential Oil Against UVB-Induced Photoaging in Mice. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 98(4); 958–968
Zyburtowicz, K., P. Bednarczyk, A. Nowak, A. Muzykiewicz-Szymańska, L. Kucharski, A. Wesołowska, and P. Ossowicz-Rupniewski (2024). Medicinal Anti-Inflammatory Patch Loaded with Lavender Essential Oil. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(11); 6171
Al-Sadek, T. and N. Yusuf (2024). Ultraviolet Radiation Biological and Medical Implications. Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 46(3); 1924–1942.
Ayubi, N., M. F. Halip, A. Komaini, M. S. Rifki, Nurkholis, M. Ridwan, M. N. B. Naharudin, D. A. Kusuma, Ilham, and D. T. Mario (2023). Citrus limon Has the Potential to Reduce Oxidative Stress and Inflammation After Physical Activity/Exercise: Systematic Review. Retos, 51; 1168–1173.
Basholli-Salihu, M., R. Schuster, A. Hajdari, D. Mulla, H. Viernstein, B. Mustafa, and M. Mueller (2017). Phytochemical Composition, Anti-Inflammatory Activity, and Cytotoxic Effects of Essential Oils from Three Pinus spp. Pharmaceutical Biology, 55(1); 1553–1560.
Budiman, C., A. Miatmoko, V. E. P. S. Tyas, C. Ardianto, and D. Retnowati (2024). The Effects of Beta-Ionone Addition in Perfume on Behavior and Serum Cortisol Level of Stress-Induced Mice. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(2); 470–479.
Carson, C. F., K. A. Hammer, and T. V. Riley (2006). Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil: A Review of Antimicrobial and Other Medicinal Properties. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 19(1); 50–62.
Chaudhary, P., P. Janmeda, A. O. Docea, B. Yeskaliyeva, A. F. A. Razis, B. Modu, D. Calina, and J. Sharifi-Rad (2023). Oxidative Stress, Free Radicals and Antioxidants: Potential Crosstalk in the Pathophysiology of Human Diseases. Frontiers in Chemistry, 11; 1158198.
Cioms and Iclas (2012). International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals. Council for International Organization of Medical Sciences and the International Council for Laboratory Animal Science.
Dourmishev, L. and D. Guleva (2021). Ultraviolet Diagnostic and Treatment Modalities in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. Clinics in Dermatology, 39(3); 446–450.
Fan, W., A. C. Rokohl, Y. Guo, H. Chen, T. Gao, V. Kakkassery, and L. M. Heind (2023). Narrative Review: Mechanism of Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Basal Cell Carcinoma. Frontiers of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, 5; 9–25.
Fauzi, I., A. A. O. Farouk, and E. K. Perimal (2022). Antipruritic Properties of Topical Channa striatus Extract on Stratum Corneum Disruption-Itch Mice Model. Neuroscience Research Notes, 5(3); 145.
Fernando, P. D. S. M., M. J. Piao, K. A. Kang, H. M. U. L. Herath, E. T. Kim, C. L. Hyun, Y. R. Kim, and J. W. Hyun (2024). Butin Protects Keratinocytes from Particulate Matter 2.5 and Ultraviolet B-Mediated Damages. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology and Photomedicine, 40(6); 13001.
Ghani, A., S. Mohtashami, and S. Jamalian (2021). Peel Essential Oil Content and Constituent Variations and Antioxidant Activity of Grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi var. Red Blush) During Color Change Stages. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 15(6); 4917–4928.
Gushiken, L. F. S., F. P. Beserra, M. F. Hussni, M. T. Gonzaga, V. P. Ribeiro, P. F. de Souza, J. C. L. Campos, T. N. C. Massaro, C. A. Hussni, R. K. Takahira, P. D. Marcato, J. K. Bastos, and C. H. Pellizzon (2022). Beta-Caryophyllene as an Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Re-Epithelialization Activities in a Rat Skin Wound Excision Model. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity; 9004014.
He, X., X. Gao, and W. Xie (2024). Research Progress in Skin Aging and Immunity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(7); 4101.
Hernández, A. R., B. Vallejo, T. Ruzgas, and S. Björklund (2019). The Effect of UVB Irradiation and Oxidative Stress on the Skin Barrier—A New Method to Evaluate Sun Protection Factor Based on Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy. Sensors, 19(10); 2376.
Jaffri, J. M. (2023). Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant System in Selected Skin Disorders. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, 30(1); 7–20.
Kaur, C. D. and S. Saraf (2010). In Vitro Sun Protection Factor Determination of Herbal Oils Used in Cosmetics. Pharmacognosy Research, 2(1); 22–25.
Kim, H. J. and J. H. Hong (2024). Multiplicative Effects of Essential Oils and Other Active Components on Skin Tissue and Skin Cancers. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(10); 5397.
Li, L., L. Chong, T. Huang, Y. Ma, Y. Li, and H. Ding (2023). Natural Products and Extracts from Plants as Natural UV Filters for Sunscreens: A Review. Animal Models and Experimental Medicine, 6(3); 183–195.
Li, Y., W. Li, Z. Ye, C. Ji, and Z. Zhou (2024). Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Activities of Five Citrus Peel Essential Oils. Antioxidants, 13(12); 1562.
Lin, F. R., X. X. Feng, C. W. Li, X. J. Zhang, X. T. Yu, J. Y. Zhou, X. Zhang, Y. L. Xie, Z. R. Su, and J. Y. X. Zhan (2014). Prevention of UV Radiation-Induced Cutaneous Photoaging in Mice by Topical Administration of Patchouli Oil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 154; 408–418.
Lohani, A. and P. Morganti (2022). Age-Defying and Photoprotective Potential of Geranium/Calendula Essential Oil Encapsulated Vesicular Cream on Biochemical Parameters Against UVB Radiation-Induced Skin Aging in Rat. Cosmetics, 9; 43.
Long, D. M., L. P. T. Quoc, T. T. P. Nhung, V. B. Thy, and N. L. Q. Nhu (2023). Chemical Profiles and Biological Activities of Essential Oil of Citrus hystrix DC. Peels. Korean Journal of Food Preservation, 30(3); 395–404.
Mardiyanto, M., I. Sholihah, and T. G. Jaya (2020). The Chitosan-Sodium Alginate Submicro Particles Loading Herbal of Ethanolic Extract of Leaves Senna alata L. for Curing of Bacterial Infection on Skin. Science and Technology Indonesia, 5(3); 85–89.
Nhung, T. T. P. and L. P. T. Quoc (2024a). Anti-Oxidative Stress and Immunosuppressive Effects of Ethanol Extract from Sachainchi Leaves in Mice with CFA-Induced Rheumatoid Arthritis. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 8(9); 8584–8592.
Nhung, T. T. P. and L. P. T. Quoc (2024b). Ethanol Extract of Caryota urens Lour Fruits Alleviates Oxidative Stress in a Murine Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis Induced by Freund’s Complete Adjuvant. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 8(4); 6948–6956.
Nhung, T. T. P. and L. P. T. Quoc (2024c). The Ethanol Extraction of Gardenia stenophylla Merr Fruit Mitigates Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatic Damage in Mice Through Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Immunosuppression. International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 20(5); 2015–2034.
Nova, B. G. V., L. D. S. Silva, M. D. S. Andrade, A. V. S. de Santana, L. C. T. da Silva, G. C. Sá, I. F. Zafred, P. H. D. A. Moreira, C. A. Monteiro, L. C. N. da Silva, and A. G. Abreu (2024). The Essential Oil of Melaleuca alternifolia Incorporated into Hydrogel Induces Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Effects on Infected Wounds by Staphylococcus aureus. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 173; 116389
Nunes, K. C., D. Lazarin-Bidoia, T. Ueda-Nakamura, S. D. O. S. Lautenschlager, R. Michel, R. Auzély-Velty, and C. V. Nakamura (2025). Syringic Acid Protective Role: Combatting Oxidative Stress Induced by UVB Radiation in L-929 Fibroblasts. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 264; 113104
Nuryandani, E., E. Novitasari, M. F. Abdurrahman, N. Habibi, A. R. Sefrienda, D. Kurnianto, J. Jasmadi, and Y. Andriana (2024). Chemometric Analysis of GC-MS Chemical Profiles and Biological Activities of Three Citrus Essential Oils in Indonesia. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 14(12); 187–195
Pandur, E., A. Balatinácz, G. Micalizzi, L. Mondello, A. Horvát, K. Sipos, and G. Horváth (2021). Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) Essential Oil Prepared During Different Plant Phenophases on THP-1 Macrophages. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 21; 287
Perna, S., D. Spadaccini, L. Botteri, C. Girometta, A. Riva, P. Allegrini, G. Petrangolini, V. Infantino, and M. Rondanelli (2019). Efficacy of Bergamot: From Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Mechanisms to Clinical Applications as a Preventive Agent for Cardiovascular Morbidity, Skin Diseases, and Mood Alterations. Food Science & Nutrition, 7(2); 369–384
Pezantes-Orellana, C., F. G. Bermúdez, C. M. De la Cruz, J. L. Montalvo, and A. Orellana-Manzano (2024). Essential Oils: A Systematic Review on Revolutionizing Health, Nutrition, and Omics for Optimal Well-Being. Frontiers in Medicine, 11; 1337785
Pomi, F. L., V. Papa, F. Borgia, M. Vaccaro, A. Allegra, N. Cicero, and S. Gangemi (2023). Rosmarinus officinalis and Skin: Antioxidant Activity and Possible Therapeutical Role in Cutaneous Diseases. Antioxidants, 12(3); 680
Siti, H. N., S. Mohamed, and Y. Kamisah (2022). Potential Therapeutic Effects of Citrus hystrix DC and Its Bioactive Compounds on Metabolic Disorders. Pharmaceuticals, 15(2); 167
Stasiłowicz-Krzemień, A., D. Szymanowska, P. Szulc, and J. Cielecka-Piontek (2024). Antimicrobial, Probiotic, and Immunomodulatory Potential of Cannabis sativa Extract and Delivery Systems. Antibiotics, 13(4); 369
Wei, M., X. He, N. Liu, and H. Deng (2024). Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Ultraviolet-Induced Photodamage of the Skin. Cell Division, 19; 1
Xu, J., T. Li, F. Li, H. Qiang, X. Wei, R. Zhan, and Y. Chen (2025). The Applications and Mechanisms of Rosmarinus officinalis L. in the Management of Different Wounds and UV-Irradiated Skin. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 15; 1461790
Xu, X., Z. Ding, C. Pu, C. Kong, S. Chen, W. Lu, and J. Zhang (2024). The Structural Characterization and UV-Protective Properties of an Exopolysaccharide from a Paenibacillus Isolate. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 15; 1434136
Yang, J., S. Y. Lee, S. K. Jang, K. J. Kim, and M. J. Park (2023a). Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Essential Oils from the Peels of Citrus Cultivars. Pharmaceutics, 15(6); 1595
Yang, J. W., G. B. Fan, F. Tan, H. M. Kong, Q. Liu, Y. Zou, and Y. M. Tan (2023b). The Role and Safety of UVA and UVB in UV-Induced Skin Erythema. Frontiers in Medicine, 10; 1163697
Zhang, P. C., Y. Hong, S. Q. Zong, L. Chen, C. Zhang, D. Z. Tian, D. Ke, and L. M. Tian (2023). Variation of Ferroptosis-Related Markers in HaCaT Cell Photoaging Models Induced by UVB. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 16; 3147–3155
Zhou, Y., L. He, N. Zhang, L. Ma, and L. Yao (2021). Photoprotective Effect of Artemisia sieversiana Ehrhart Essential Oil Against UVB-Induced Photoaging in Mice. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 98(4); 958–968
Zyburtowicz, K., P. Bednarczyk, A. Nowak, A. Muzykiewicz-Szymańska, L. Kucharski, A. Wesołowska, and P. Ossowicz-Rupniewski (2024). Medicinal Anti-Inflammatory Patch Loaded with Lavender Essential Oil. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(11); 6171
Authors
Nhung, T. T. P., & Quoc, L. P. T. (2025). Citrus hystrix DC. Peel Essential Oil Protects Mice from UVB-Induced Skin Damage through Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Properties. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(3), 741–752. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2025.10.3.741-752
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