Wear Characteristics of LAM-Processed Hybrid eSiC-GO Coated Ti-Alloy
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Keywords:
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Titanium Alloy, Coatings, Friction-Reducing, Wear-Resistant, Abrasive Wear
Abstract
This study concentrates on the wear characteristics of Ti-alloy coated with environmentally friendly silicon carbide-graphene oxide (eSiC-GO) using the liquid additive manufacturing (LAM) technique. Waste rice husk was utilized to extract eSiC material. The hybrid coating of eSiC-GO on Ti-6Al4V alloy was synthesized via LAM technique. Nine wear test samples were obtained from the Taguchi design of experiments variety of process parameters including current (70 , 80, and 90 A), voltage (20, 25, and 30 V), gas flow rate (15, 20, and 25 L/min), eSiC-GO composition (95-5, 90-10, and 85-15 wt%), and a fixed traverse speed (1 mm/s). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using design software to ascertain the optimal parameter levels for the LAM technique. Optimal hardness, friction, and wear were achieved in experimental run 8, as evidenced by the experimental results. The findings conclude eSiC-GO coated LAM-processed significantly enhanced friction and wear properties. LAM integrates sustainable materials with additive manufacturing advantages to develop hybrid coatings that augment friction and wear resistance. Consequently, aerospace, automotive, and energy can make tangible and measurable contributions to the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
References
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Azwan, M., M. Maleque, and M. Rahman (2019). TIG Torch Surfacing of Metallic Materials–A Critical Review. Transactions of the IMF, 97; 12–21.
Bax, B., M. Schäfer, C. Pauly, and F. Mücklich (2013). Coating and Prototyping of Single-Phase Iron Aluminide by Laser Cladding. Surface and Coatings Technology, 235; 773–777.
Bello, K., M. Maleque, and A. Adebisi (2020). Processing of Ceramic Composite Coating via TIG Torch Welding Technique. In S. Hashmi and I. A. Choudhury, editors, Encyclopedia of Renewable and Sustainable Materials, volume 4. Elsevier, pages 523–535.
Bodunrin, M., L. Chown, and J. Omotoyinbo (2021). Development of Low-Cost Titanium Alloys: A Chronicle of Challenges and Opportunities. Materials Today: Proceedings, 38; 564–569.
Chandel, D., L. Thakur, and V. Kumar (2023). An Investigation on the Tribological Behaviour of AlCrCuNiFe High Entropy Alloy Optimized TIG Weld Cladding in Room Temperature Conditions. Tribology International, 189; 108982.
Dong, H., A. Bloyce, P. Morton, and T. Bell (1997). Surface Engineering to Improve Tribological Performance of Ti–6Al–4V. Surface Engineering, 13; 402–406.
Gregory, E. (1978). Hardfacing. Tribology International, 11; 129–134.
Gupta, M., H. Etri, M. Korkmaz, N. Ross, G. Krolczyk, J. Gawlik, N. Yasar, and D. Pimenov (2022). Tribological and Surface Morphological Characteristics of Titanium Alloys: A Review. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 22; 72.
Gupta, M., Q. Song, Z. Liu, M. Sarikaya, M. Mia, M. Jamil, A. Singla, A. Bansal, D. Pimenov, and M. Kuntoglu (2021). Tribological Performance-Based Machinability Investigations in Cryogenic Cooling Assisted Turning of ????-???? Titanium Alloy. Tribology International, 160; 107032.
Gur, A., C. Ozay, and B. Icen (2020). Evaluation of B4C/Ti Coating Layer, Investigation of Abrasive Wear Behaviors Using Taguchi Technique and Response Surface Methodology. Surface Review and Letters, 27; 1950225.
Huang, J., W. Zhang, W. Fang, and Y. Yi (2023). Tribology Properties of Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4V Alloy After Heat Treatment. Tribology International, 185; 108485.
Irawan, D., H. D. Saktiioto, W. Bambang, and Sutoyo (2024). High Sensitivity CH4 and CO2 Gas Sensor Using Fiber Bragg Grating Coated with Single Layer Graphene. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(3); 710–717.
Jappes, J., A. Ajithram, M. Adamkhan, and D. Reena (2022). Welding on Ni Based Super Alloys–A Review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 60; 1656–1659.
Klimas, J., A. Łukaszewicz, M. Szota, and K. Laskowski (2016). Work on the Modification of the Structure and Properties of Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy for Biomedical Applications. Archives of Materials Science and Engineering, 78; 10–16.
Konovalov, S., K. Osintsev, A. Golubeva, V. Smelov, Y. Ivanov, X. Chen, and I. Komissarova (2020). Surface Modification of Ti-Based Alloy by Selective Laser Melting of Ni-Based Superalloy Powder. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9; 8796–8807.
Kumar, M., S. Kumar, K. Jha, and A. Mandal (2023). Deposition of Hard Solid-Lubricating Composite Coating on Ti-6Al-4V Alloy with Enhanced Mechanical, Corrosion, and Electrical Discharge Wear Properties. Surface and Coatings Technology, 457; 129315.
Lailatul, P. and M. Maleque (2017). Surface Modification of Duplex Stainless Steel with SiC Preplacement Using TIG Torch Cladding. Procedia Engineering, 184; 737–742.
Maleque, M. and S. Adeleke (2013). Surface Alloying of CPTi Using Preplaced Fe-C-Si Powder by Tungsten Inert Gas Torch Technique. In International Conference on Mechanical, Industrial and Materials Engineering, pages 668–673.
Maleque, M., K. Bello, M. Idriss, and S. Mirdha (2013). Processing of TiC-CNT Hybrid Composite Coating on Low Alloy Steel Using TIG Torch Technique. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 378; 259–264.
Maleque, M., L. Harina, and K. Bello (2018). Tribological Properties of Surface Modified Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Under Lubricated Condition Using Taguchi Approach. Jurnal Tribologi, 17; 15–28.
Maleque, M., H. Masjuki, K. Low, and M. Ali (2021). Sustainable eSiC Reinforced Composite Materials – Synthesization and Characterization. In AIP Conference Proceedings of Brunei International Conference on Engineering and Technology 21 (BICET2021), UTB, Brunei, volume 2643. AIP Publishing, pages 1–6.
Murari, G., B. Nahak, and T. Pratap (2023). Hybrid Surface Modification for Improved Tribological Performance of IC Engine Components–A Review. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering; 09544089221150718.
Pavan, A., B. Arivazhagan, and M. Vasudevan (2020). Process Parameter Optimization of A-TIG Welding on P22 Steel. In Structural Integrity Assessment: Proceedings of ICONS 2018. Springer, pages 99–113.
Peng, D. (2012). Optimization of Welding Parameters on Wear Performance of Cladded Layer with TiC Ceramic via a Taguchi Approach. Tribology Transactions, 55; 122–129.
Popa, M., C. Vasilescu, S. Drob, P. Osiceanu, M. Anastasescu, and J. Calderon-Moreno (2013). Characterization and Corrosion Resistance of Anodic Electrodeposited Titanium Oxide/Phosphate Films on Ti-20Nb-10Zr-5Ta Bioalloy. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 24; 1123–1134.
Prakash, P., S. Barnwal, P. Shukla, J. Mehta, P. Kumar, and R. Tewari (2024). Gelatin-Based Forsterite–Hydroxyapatite Hybrid Coating on Ti6Al4V to Improve Its Biocompatibility and Corrosion Resistance. International Journal of Materials Research, 115; 39–46.
Rakshith, B., S. Chandraker, and D. Kumar (2022). Optimization of Tribological Parameters to Enhance Wear and Friction Properties of Ti6Al4V Alloy Using Taguchi Method. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, 236; 9.
Revankar, G., R. Shetty, S. Rao, and V. Gaitonde (2017). Wear Resistance Enhancement of Titanium Alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) by Ball Burnishing Process. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 6; 13–32.
Rosmia, N., M. Maleque, N. Sarifuddin, M. Hassan, and K. Bello (2024). Contemporary Progress in the Hybrid Coating of Titanium Alloys Using the Liquid Additive Manufacturing Technique. Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Mechanics, 113; 108–117.
Sahu, A., A. Raheem, M. Masanta, and C. Sahoo (2020). On the Constancy in Wear Characteristic of Large Area TiC–Ni Coating Developed by Overlapping of TIG Arc Scanning. Tribology International, 151; 106501.
Santana, J., S. Kunst, C. Oliveira, A. Bastos, M. Ferreira, and V. Sarmento (2020). PMMA-SiO2 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Coating Application to Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Prepared Through the Sol-Gel Method. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 31; 409–420.
Syaripuddin, S., M. Putra, M. Ajiriyanto, S. Yudanto, M. Hasbi, and F. Susetyo (2024). Nichrome Dependency in Welding Layer Using In Situ Fabrication on Hardness and Corrosion Properties. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(3); 651–659.
Taheridoustabad, I., M. Khosravi, and Y. Yaghoubinezhad (2021). Fabrication of GO/RGO/TiC/TiB2 Nanocomposite Coating on Ti–6Al–4V Alloy using Electrical Discharge Coating and Exploring its Tribological Properties. Tribology International, 156; 106860.
Tüten, N., D. Canadinc, A. Motallebzadeh, and B. Bal (2019). Microstructure and Tribological Properties of TiTaHfNbZr High Entropy Alloy Coatings Deposited on Ti6Al4V Substrates. Intermetallics, 105; 99–106.
Veiga, C., J. Davim, and A. Loureiro (2012). Properties and Applications of Titanium Alloys: A Brief Review. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, 32; 133–148.
Ye, Q., Y. Yan, X. Zhang, X. Chen, W. Bai, S. Liu, and F. Zhou (2023). Mechanochemical In-Situ Construction of Ionic Liquid-Functionalized Covalent Organic Frameworks for Anti-Wear and Friction Reduction. Tribology International, 189; 109027.
Yuan, W., J. Xu, L. Yu, L. Ge, and Y. Cheng (2022). Effect of Y-Modified TiB2 Ceramic Particles on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TIG Welded Joints of Spray Formed 7055 Aluminum Alloy. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 20; 3126–3135.
Yumusak, G., A. Leyland, and A. Matthews (2022). A Microabrasion Wear Study of Nitrided ????-Ti and ????-TiNb PVD Metallic Thin Films, Pre-Deposited onto Titanium Alloy Substrates. Surface and Coatings Technology, 442; 128423.
Zaniolo, K., M. Biaggio, S. Cirelli, M. Cominotte, N. Bocchi, R. Rocha-Filho, and C. Souza (2024). Production and Characterization of Bioactive and Antimicrobial Titanium Oxide Surfaces with Silver Nanoparticles and a Poly (Lactic Acid) Microfiber Coating. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 35; 1–14.
Zhao, Y., Z. Fan, Q. Tan, Y. Yin, M. Lu, and H. Huang (2021). Interfacial and Tribological Properties of Laser Deposited TiOxNy/Ti Composite Coating on Ti Alloy. Tribology International, 155; 106758.
Azwan, M., M. Maleque, and M. Rahman (2019). TIG Torch Surfacing of Metallic Materials–A Critical Review. Transactions of the IMF, 97; 12–21.
Bax, B., M. Schäfer, C. Pauly, and F. Mücklich (2013). Coating and Prototyping of Single-Phase Iron Aluminide by Laser Cladding. Surface and Coatings Technology, 235; 773–777.
Bello, K., M. Maleque, and A. Adebisi (2020). Processing of Ceramic Composite Coating via TIG Torch Welding Technique. In S. Hashmi and I. A. Choudhury, editors, Encyclopedia of Renewable and Sustainable Materials, volume 4. Elsevier, pages 523–535.
Bodunrin, M., L. Chown, and J. Omotoyinbo (2021). Development of Low-Cost Titanium Alloys: A Chronicle of Challenges and Opportunities. Materials Today: Proceedings, 38; 564–569.
Chandel, D., L. Thakur, and V. Kumar (2023). An Investigation on the Tribological Behaviour of AlCrCuNiFe High Entropy Alloy Optimized TIG Weld Cladding in Room Temperature Conditions. Tribology International, 189; 108982.
Dong, H., A. Bloyce, P. Morton, and T. Bell (1997). Surface Engineering to Improve Tribological Performance of Ti–6Al–4V. Surface Engineering, 13; 402–406.
Gregory, E. (1978). Hardfacing. Tribology International, 11; 129–134.
Gupta, M., H. Etri, M. Korkmaz, N. Ross, G. Krolczyk, J. Gawlik, N. Yasar, and D. Pimenov (2022). Tribological and Surface Morphological Characteristics of Titanium Alloys: A Review. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 22; 72.
Gupta, M., Q. Song, Z. Liu, M. Sarikaya, M. Mia, M. Jamil, A. Singla, A. Bansal, D. Pimenov, and M. Kuntoglu (2021). Tribological Performance-Based Machinability Investigations in Cryogenic Cooling Assisted Turning of ????-???? Titanium Alloy. Tribology International, 160; 107032.
Gur, A., C. Ozay, and B. Icen (2020). Evaluation of B4C/Ti Coating Layer, Investigation of Abrasive Wear Behaviors Using Taguchi Technique and Response Surface Methodology. Surface Review and Letters, 27; 1950225.
Huang, J., W. Zhang, W. Fang, and Y. Yi (2023). Tribology Properties of Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4V Alloy After Heat Treatment. Tribology International, 185; 108485.
Irawan, D., H. D. Saktiioto, W. Bambang, and Sutoyo (2024). High Sensitivity CH4 and CO2 Gas Sensor Using Fiber Bragg Grating Coated with Single Layer Graphene. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(3); 710–717.
Jappes, J., A. Ajithram, M. Adamkhan, and D. Reena (2022). Welding on Ni Based Super Alloys–A Review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 60; 1656–1659.
Klimas, J., A. Łukaszewicz, M. Szota, and K. Laskowski (2016). Work on the Modification of the Structure and Properties of Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy for Biomedical Applications. Archives of Materials Science and Engineering, 78; 10–16.
Konovalov, S., K. Osintsev, A. Golubeva, V. Smelov, Y. Ivanov, X. Chen, and I. Komissarova (2020). Surface Modification of Ti-Based Alloy by Selective Laser Melting of Ni-Based Superalloy Powder. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9; 8796–8807.
Kumar, M., S. Kumar, K. Jha, and A. Mandal (2023). Deposition of Hard Solid-Lubricating Composite Coating on Ti-6Al-4V Alloy with Enhanced Mechanical, Corrosion, and Electrical Discharge Wear Properties. Surface and Coatings Technology, 457; 129315.
Lailatul, P. and M. Maleque (2017). Surface Modification of Duplex Stainless Steel with SiC Preplacement Using TIG Torch Cladding. Procedia Engineering, 184; 737–742.
Maleque, M. and S. Adeleke (2013). Surface Alloying of CPTi Using Preplaced Fe-C-Si Powder by Tungsten Inert Gas Torch Technique. In International Conference on Mechanical, Industrial and Materials Engineering, pages 668–673.
Maleque, M., K. Bello, M. Idriss, and S. Mirdha (2013). Processing of TiC-CNT Hybrid Composite Coating on Low Alloy Steel Using TIG Torch Technique. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 378; 259–264.
Maleque, M., L. Harina, and K. Bello (2018). Tribological Properties of Surface Modified Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Under Lubricated Condition Using Taguchi Approach. Jurnal Tribologi, 17; 15–28.
Maleque, M., H. Masjuki, K. Low, and M. Ali (2021). Sustainable eSiC Reinforced Composite Materials – Synthesization and Characterization. In AIP Conference Proceedings of Brunei International Conference on Engineering and Technology 21 (BICET2021), UTB, Brunei, volume 2643. AIP Publishing, pages 1–6.
Murari, G., B. Nahak, and T. Pratap (2023). Hybrid Surface Modification for Improved Tribological Performance of IC Engine Components–A Review. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering; 09544089221150718.
Pavan, A., B. Arivazhagan, and M. Vasudevan (2020). Process Parameter Optimization of A-TIG Welding on P22 Steel. In Structural Integrity Assessment: Proceedings of ICONS 2018. Springer, pages 99–113.
Peng, D. (2012). Optimization of Welding Parameters on Wear Performance of Cladded Layer with TiC Ceramic via a Taguchi Approach. Tribology Transactions, 55; 122–129.
Popa, M., C. Vasilescu, S. Drob, P. Osiceanu, M. Anastasescu, and J. Calderon-Moreno (2013). Characterization and Corrosion Resistance of Anodic Electrodeposited Titanium Oxide/Phosphate Films on Ti-20Nb-10Zr-5Ta Bioalloy. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 24; 1123–1134.
Prakash, P., S. Barnwal, P. Shukla, J. Mehta, P. Kumar, and R. Tewari (2024). Gelatin-Based Forsterite–Hydroxyapatite Hybrid Coating on Ti6Al4V to Improve Its Biocompatibility and Corrosion Resistance. International Journal of Materials Research, 115; 39–46.
Rakshith, B., S. Chandraker, and D. Kumar (2022). Optimization of Tribological Parameters to Enhance Wear and Friction Properties of Ti6Al4V Alloy Using Taguchi Method. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, 236; 9.
Revankar, G., R. Shetty, S. Rao, and V. Gaitonde (2017). Wear Resistance Enhancement of Titanium Alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) by Ball Burnishing Process. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 6; 13–32.
Rosmia, N., M. Maleque, N. Sarifuddin, M. Hassan, and K. Bello (2024). Contemporary Progress in the Hybrid Coating of Titanium Alloys Using the Liquid Additive Manufacturing Technique. Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Mechanics, 113; 108–117.
Sahu, A., A. Raheem, M. Masanta, and C. Sahoo (2020). On the Constancy in Wear Characteristic of Large Area TiC–Ni Coating Developed by Overlapping of TIG Arc Scanning. Tribology International, 151; 106501.
Santana, J., S. Kunst, C. Oliveira, A. Bastos, M. Ferreira, and V. Sarmento (2020). PMMA-SiO2 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Coating Application to Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Prepared Through the Sol-Gel Method. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 31; 409–420.
Syaripuddin, S., M. Putra, M. Ajiriyanto, S. Yudanto, M. Hasbi, and F. Susetyo (2024). Nichrome Dependency in Welding Layer Using In Situ Fabrication on Hardness and Corrosion Properties. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(3); 651–659.
Taheridoustabad, I., M. Khosravi, and Y. Yaghoubinezhad (2021). Fabrication of GO/RGO/TiC/TiB2 Nanocomposite Coating on Ti–6Al–4V Alloy using Electrical Discharge Coating and Exploring its Tribological Properties. Tribology International, 156; 106860.
Tüten, N., D. Canadinc, A. Motallebzadeh, and B. Bal (2019). Microstructure and Tribological Properties of TiTaHfNbZr High Entropy Alloy Coatings Deposited on Ti6Al4V Substrates. Intermetallics, 105; 99–106.
Veiga, C., J. Davim, and A. Loureiro (2012). Properties and Applications of Titanium Alloys: A Brief Review. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, 32; 133–148.
Ye, Q., Y. Yan, X. Zhang, X. Chen, W. Bai, S. Liu, and F. Zhou (2023). Mechanochemical In-Situ Construction of Ionic Liquid-Functionalized Covalent Organic Frameworks for Anti-Wear and Friction Reduction. Tribology International, 189; 109027.
Yuan, W., J. Xu, L. Yu, L. Ge, and Y. Cheng (2022). Effect of Y-Modified TiB2 Ceramic Particles on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TIG Welded Joints of Spray Formed 7055 Aluminum Alloy. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 20; 3126–3135.
Yumusak, G., A. Leyland, and A. Matthews (2022). A Microabrasion Wear Study of Nitrided ????-Ti and ????-TiNb PVD Metallic Thin Films, Pre-Deposited onto Titanium Alloy Substrates. Surface and Coatings Technology, 442; 128423.
Zaniolo, K., M. Biaggio, S. Cirelli, M. Cominotte, N. Bocchi, R. Rocha-Filho, and C. Souza (2024). Production and Characterization of Bioactive and Antimicrobial Titanium Oxide Surfaces with Silver Nanoparticles and a Poly (Lactic Acid) Microfiber Coating. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 35; 1–14.
Zhao, Y., Z. Fan, Q. Tan, Y. Yin, M. Lu, and H. Huang (2021). Interfacial and Tribological Properties of Laser Deposited TiOxNy/Ti Composite Coating on Ti Alloy. Tribology International, 155; 106758.
Authors
Maleque, M. A., Naping, R. ., Sarifuddin, N. ., Rahman, M. M. ., & Wahidah Zulkifli, N. . . (2025). Wear Characteristics of LAM-Processed Hybrid eSiC-GO Coated Ti-Alloy. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(4), 1198–1208. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2025.10.4.1198-1208
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