Analysis of Hydrolyzed Collagen in Facial Serum for Halal Authentication Using FTIR Spectroscopy and Multivariate Calibration
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Keywords:
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Facial Serum, Gelatin, Halal, FTIR, Chemometrics
Abstract
Cosmetic trends in Indonesia are on the rise, particularly for facial serum products. However, most of these products lack halal certification, posing an important concern for Muslim consumers due to the potential use of haram substances, such as pork gelatin. This study seeks to identify the source of gelatin in serum products using the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and chemometric analysis. The samples used in this study include a reference facial serum formulated with pure bovine and porcine gelatin concentrations in the ratios of 1:0, 8:2, 5:5, 2:8, and 0:1, three hydrolyzed collagen serums that are not yet labeled halal and available on Shopee, and one serum that is labeled halal. The method used was FTIR combined with PLS chemometrics and PCA. The isolation of facial serum gelatin was performed using acetone at -20oC, followed by analysis via FTIR at wave numbers ranging from 4000 to 400 cm-1. FTIR results indicated the presence of functional groups in gelatin constituents, including C O, N H, C N, and C H aliphatic. The wavelengths employed for PLS and PCA analysis ranged from 1631 to 1430 cm-1. Calibration results showed R2=0.9936 and RMSEC=3.0445%. Internal validation yielded RMSECV=0.1674% and R2=0.9994 whilst external validation yielded RMSEP=0.9981% and R2=0.9910. Lastly, PCA analysis revealed that one halal-labeled serum sample contained bovine gelatin, whereas the three examined commercial serums were free from both pork and bovine gelatin.
References
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Sani, M. S. A., A. M. Ismail, A. Azid, and M. S. Samsudin (2021). Establishing Forensic Food Models for Authentication and Qualification of Porcine Adulterant in Gelatin and Marshmallow. Food Control, 130; 108350
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Zilhadia, Z., F. Kusumaningrum, O. S. Betha, and S. Supandi (2018). Differentiation of Bovine and Porcine Gelatin in Vitamin C Gummies Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 5(2); 61–68
Amnuaikit, T., R. Shankar, and S. Benjakul (2022). Hydrolyzed Fish Collagen Serum from By-Product of Food Industry: Cosmetic Product Formulation and Facial Skin Evaluation. Sustainability, 14(24); 16553
Arifah, M. F., Irnawati, Ruslin, K. Nisa, A. Windarsih, and A. Rohman (2022). The Application of FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics for the Authentication Analysis of Horse Milk. International Journal of Food Science, 2022; 7643959
Belchior, V., B. G. Botelho, S. Casal, L. S. Oliveira, and A. S. Franca (2020). FTIR and Chemometrics as Effective Tools in Predicting the Quality of Specialty Coffees. Food Analytical Methods, 13(1); 275–283
Brereton, R. G., J. Jansen, J. Lopes, F. Marini, A. Pomerantsev, and O. Rodionova (2018). Chemometrics in Analytical Chemistry – Part II: Modeling, Validation, and Applications. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1026; 1–11
Breton, R. G. (2003). Chemometrics: Data Analysis for the Laboratory and Chemical Plant. Wiley, Chichester
Cebi, N., C. E. Dogan, A. E. Mese, D. Ozdemir, M. Arici, and O. Sagdic (2019). A Rapid ATR-FTIR Spectroscopic Method for Classification of Gelatin Gummy Candies in Relation to the Gelatin Source. Food Chemistry, 277; 373–381
Farid, S., M. A. Kasem, A. F. Zedan, G. G. Mohamed, and A. El-Hussein (2021). Exploring ATR Fourier Transform IR Spectroscopy with Chemometric Analysis and Laser Scanning Microscopy in the Investigation of Forensic Documents Fraud. Optics and Laser Technology, 135; 106704
Gina, S., C. Rahmagiarti, I. M. Ummah, C. Sumantri, I. H. Suparto, and N. Darmawan (2024). Assessment of Commercial DNA Extraction Kits for Porcine Gelatin Detection Using RT-PCR and ddPCR. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(3); 605–612
Hamid, A. H., A. F. Nurrulhidayah, M. S. A. Sani, N. W. F. Muhammad, R. Othman, and A. Rohman (2020). Discrimination of Porcine and Bovine Gelatines Based on Reducing Sugar Types on Maillard Reaction. Food Research, 4(2); 301–306
Hanim Yusuf, A., S. Abdul Shukor, and U. Salwa Ahmad Bustamam (2016). Halal Certification vs Business Growth of Food Industry in Malaysia. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 4(3); 247–251
Hassan, N., T. Ahmad, N. M. Zain, and A. Ashaari (2020). A Novel Chemometrics Method for Halal Authentication of Gelatin in Food Products. Sains Malaysiana, 49(9); 2083–2089
Hussaini, A. F. M., N. Zarmani, and N. A. M. Noor (2024). Halal Cosmetic Critical Ingredients: An Overview of Animal Based Ingredients. Insight Journal, 11(2); 412–421
Ismarti, I., D. D. Handoko, K. Triyana, H. M. Salleh, N. A. Fadzillah, and N. F. H. Nordin (2022). Study on Volatile Compounds of Gelatine and the Maillard Reaction Products from Different Species Using SPME-GCMS. Science and Technology Indonesia, 7(2); 132–139
Khan, N., S. Ahmed, M. A. Sheraz, Z. Anwar, and I. Ahmad (2023). Pharmaceutical Based Cosmetic Serums. In H. G. Brittain, editor, Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients and Related Methodology, volume 48. Elsevier, pages 167–210
Nikzad, J., S. Shahhosseini, M. Tabarzad, N. Nafissi-Varcheh, and M. Torshabi (2017). Simultaneous Detection of Bovine and Porcine DNA in Pharmaceutical Gelatin Capsules by Duplex PCR Assay for Halal Authentication. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 25(1); 1–11
Noordin, N., N. L. M. Noor, and Z. Samicho (2014). Strategic Approach to Halal Certification System: An Ecosystem Perspective. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 121; 79–95
Novika, K. H., A. Y. Chaerunissa, S. Sriwidodo, and W. P. Annissya (2024). Journal Review: Formulation and Evaluation of Anti-Oxidant Facial Serum from Extracts of Various Plants. Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies, 4(12); 11353–11361
Nugrahaeni, F., T. Wiyati, N. Wulandari, and M. S. P. Utami (2023). Level of Knowledge, Attitude, and Community Behavior About Halal Cosmetics in Makasar District DKI Jakarta. Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 19(2); 97–112
Nurani, L. H., A. Guntarti, A. Rizaldy, C. A. Edityaningrum, N. Salamah, L. M. Irham, and A. Rohman (2022). Analysis of Dog Fat in Beef Meatballs Using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry Combined with Chemometrics. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 26(5); 1037–1046
Othman, B., S. M. Shaarani, and A. Bahron (2016). Evaluation of Knowledge, Halal Quality Assurance Practices and Commitment Among Food Industries in Malaysia. British Food Journal, 118(8); 2033–2052
Pavia, D. L., G. G. Lampman, G. S. Kriz, and J. R. Vyvyan (2009). Introduction to Spectroscopy. Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA, 4th edition
Putri, A. N., A. K. Soesantyo, and E. D. Iftitah (2025). Effect of Edible Coating Material Composition Based on Chitosan-Gelatin-CaCl2 and Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) Essential Oil on the Protection of Cocoa Beans (Theobroma cacao L.) During Storage. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(2); 528–537
Rafifasha, T. N. (2022). Perceptions and Preferences of Halal Cosmetics Consumers. In Bandung Conference Series: Economics Studies, volume 2. pages 508–515
Rahayu, W. S., P. I. Utami, and B. Mahardika (2021). Halal Authentication of Toothpaste with FTIR Combined with Chemometrics. Indonesian Journal of Chemometrics and Pharmaceutical Analysis, (2); 78–82
Rohman, A., M. A. B. Ghazali, A. Windarsih, Irnawati, S. Riyanto, F. M. Yusof, and S. Mustafa (2020). Comprehensive Review on Application of FTIR Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometrics for Authentication Analysis of Fats and Oils in the Food Products. Molecules, 25(22); 5485
Salamah, N., R. Adawiyah, A. Guntarti, and H. Susanti (2025). Combination of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) with Chemometrics for Halal Authentication of Face Product Made from Gelatin. BIO Web of Conferences, 148; 1–9
Sani, M. S. A., A. M. Ismail, A. Azid, and M. S. Samsudin (2021). Establishing Forensic Food Models for Authentication and Qualification of Porcine Adulterant in Gelatin and Marshmallow. Food Control, 130; 108350
Syahruni, R., A. H. Umar, and L. C. Matasik (2024). Fingerprint Metabolite of Miana (Coleus sp.) Leaf Infusion and Juice: Authentication Based on FTIR Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis. AgriTECH, 44(4); 313–323
Waskitho, D., E. Lukitaningsih, Sudjadi, and A. Rohman (2016). Analysis of Lard in Lipstick Formulation Using FTIR Spectroscopy and Multivariate Calibration: A Comparison of Three Extraction Methods. Journal of Oleo Science, 65(10); 815–824
Zilhadia, Z., F. Kusumaningrum, O. S. Betha, and S. Supandi (2018). Differentiation of Bovine and Porcine Gelatin in Vitamin C Gummies Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 5(2); 61–68
Authors
Salamah, N., Firdaus, R. A. ., Guntarti, A. ., Ahda, M. ., Uddin, A. H. ., & Kurniawan, M. F. . (2025). Analysis of Hydrolyzed Collagen in Facial Serum for Halal Authentication Using FTIR Spectroscopy and Multivariate Calibration. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(4), 1270–1279. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2025.10.4.1270-1279
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.