DPPH and Hep2 Cell Inhibitions by Ethyl Acetate Extract and Its Fractions from Indonesian Cassia siamea L. Stem Barks: In Vitro and Computational Prediction
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Keywords:
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Anticancer, Antioxidant, Cassia sp., Ethnomedicine, Phytomedicine
Abstract
Cassia siamea has been reported by multiple ethnopharmacological studies to treat a broad spectrum of diseases, including cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antiproliferation activities of C. siamea stem bark extract. Following the maceration, the sample was fractionated using column chromatography, yielding 1 ethyl acetate extract and 4 different fractions (Fractions A–D). Antioxidant activities of the extract and its four fractions were assessed based on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition. Phytocompounds contained in the extract and its fractions were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis, followed by in silico molecular docking. The ethyl acetate extract of C. siamea L. stem bark had total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents of 280 mg GAE/g dry extract, 23.97 mg QE/g dry extract, and 26.5 mg TAE/ g dry extract, respectively. Strong antioxidant activities were exhibited by Fraction A and the ethyl acetate extract (IC50= 13.72 and 14.10, respectively). LC50s of the ethyl acetate extract and Fraction A against the A. salina larvae were 49.61 ppm and 51.52 ppm, respectively. Optimal inhibitions of Hep2 cell proliferation were observed in both ethyl acetate extract and Fraction A with IC50s of 936.34 ppm and 580.76 ppm, respectively. Both the extract and Fraction A contained lupeol, among other compounds with anticancer potential. Complementary in silico docking analyses indicated that lupeol achieved optimal binding with laryngeal carcinoma–related targets (ΔG = –7.9 to 9.5 kcal/mol).
References
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Fatma, H., M. Jameel, A. J. Siddiqui, M. Kuddus, N. S. Buali, I. Bahrini, and H. R. Siddique (2024). Chemotherapeutic Potential of Lupeol against Cancer in Pre-Clinical Model: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Phytomedicine, 132; 155777
Fikriah, I., M. A. Masruhin, S. Paramita, E. Marliana, A. S. Panggabean, S. Ismail, and S. Y. Kim (2024). Acute Toxicity, Secondary Metabolites, and Antioxidant Activity of Macaranga tanarius from Post-Coal Mining and Non-Mining Areas in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Narra Journal, 4(2); e791
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Harahap, D., S. Niaci, V. Mardina, B. Zaura, I. Qanita, A. Purnama, and M. Iqhrammullah (2022). Antibacterial Activities of Seven Ethnomedicinal Plants from Family Annonaceae. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 13(3); 148–153
Herdiansyah, M. A., R. Rizaldy, M. R. Alifiansyah, A. J. Fetty, D. Anggraini, N. Agustina, and H. S. Aulia (2024). Molecular Interaction Analysis of Ferulic Acid (4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxycinnamic Acid) As Main Bioactive Compound from Palm Oil Waste against MCF-7 Receptors: An in Silico Study. Narra Journal, 4(2); e775
Hwang, H. J., S. R. Lee, J.G. Yoon, H.Moon, J. Zhang, E. Park, and J. A. Cho (2022). Ferulic Acid As a Protective Antioxidant of Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Antioxidants, 11(8); 1448
Iqhrammullah, M., R. Y. Refin, R. I. Rasmi, F. F. Andika, H. Hajjah, M. Marlina, and R. Ningsih (2023). Cancer in Indonesia: A Bibliometric Surveillance. Narra X, 1(2); e86
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Kumar, D., A. Jain, and A. Verma (2017). Phytochemical and Pharmacological Investigation of Cassia siamea Lamk: An Insight. The Natural Products Journal, 7(4); 255–266
Kuruburu, M. G., V. R. Bovilla, R. Naaz, Z. Leihang, and S. V. Madhunapantula (2022). Variations in the Anticancer Activity of Free and Bound Phenolics of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana (l) Gaertn; Variety KMR-301) Seeds. Phytomedicine Plus, 2(2); 100276
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Liu, K., X. Zhang, L. Xie, M. Deng, H. Chen, J. Song, J. Long, X. Li, and J. Luo (2021). Lupeol and Its Derivatives As Anticancer and Anti-Inflammatory Agents: MolecularMechanisms and Therapeutic Efficacy. Pharmacological Research, 164; 105373
Malekinejad, F., F. Kheradmand, M. H. Khadem-Ansari, and H. Malekinejad (2022). Lupeol Synergizes with Doxorubicin to Induce Anti-Proliferative and Apoptotic Effects on Breast Cancer Cells. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 30(1); 103–115
Malik, M. S., R. I. Alsantali, R. S. Jassas, A. A. Alsimaree, R. Syed, M. A. Alsharif, and S. A. Ahmed (2021). Journey of Anthraquinones As Anticancer Agents - a Systematic Review of Recent Literature. RSC Advances, 11(57); 35806–35827
Morsi, E. A., H. O. Ahmed, H. Abdel-Hady, M. El-Sayed, and M. A. Shemis (2020). GC-Analysis, and Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Activities of Some Extracts and Fractions of Linum usitatissimum. Current Bioactive Compounds, 16(9); 1306–1318
Nowak-Perlak, M., P. Ziółkowski, and M. Woźniak (2023). A Promising Natural Anthraquinones Mediated by Photodynamic Therapy for Anti-Cancer Therapy. Phytomedicine, 119; 155035
Ogbiko, C. (2020). Phytochemical, GC-MS Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of the Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Cassia siamea (Fabaceae). Asian Journal of Biotechnology, 12; 9–15
Olivier, B. M. B., D. L. Verlaine, F. Pistolesi, G. F. Houndjahoue, A. T. Guenefio, C. J. K. Nguinzanemou, and G. J. Chrysostome (2024). Traditional Herbal Medicine in the Central African Republic: Ethnobotanical Survey and Prognosis of Children Hospitalized at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire. Journal of Pediatrics & Neonatal Biology, 9(1); 1–14
Oyebade, K., A. Daspan, Y. Denkok, T. Alemika, and O. Ojerinde (2021). Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Properties of the Leaves of Senna siamea. Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research, 14(1); 22–29
Pomalango, Z. B., M. A. Paneo, N. Pakaya, L. O. Aman, and A. H. Hutuba (2025). Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Turmeric Effervescent Dosage in Preventing Atherosclerosis. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(2); 482–492
Qi, J., M. Li, L.Wang, Y. Hu,W. Liu, Z. Long, and M. Zhou (2023). National and Subnational Trends in Cancer Burden in China, 2005–20: An Analysis of National Mortality Surveillance Data. The Lancet Public Health, 8(12); e943–e955
Quranayati, Q., M. Iqhrammullah, N. Saidi, N. Nurliana, R. Idroes, and R. Nasution (2023). Extracts from Phyllanthus emblica L Stem Barks Ameliorate Blood Glucose Level and Pancreatic and Hepatic Injuries in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 16(9); 105082
Rahman, F. I., P. O. Zulfa, A. Beočanin, I. M. Faisal, N. Louca, M. I. Carstoiu, and H. Zufry (2024). Targeting Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase Enzyme Using Ginger Compounds to Suppress Thyroid Cancer Progression. Narra X, 2(1); e112–e112
Ramadhani, F. A., M. F. Prastika, N. Fikriyah, Isnaeni, and N.W. Diyah (2024). Molecular Docking of Flavonoids from Extract of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Calyx on PBP2a as the Basis for Antibacterial Activity Against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(2); 487–493
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Authors
Hasballah, K., Murniana, M. ., Marlina, M., Bakhtiar , B. ., Rusly, D. K. ., Ginting, B., Maidiani, T. ., Rahmazani, S. ., & Rampengan, D. D. . (2026). DPPH and Hep2 Cell Inhibitions by Ethyl Acetate Extract and Its Fractions from Indonesian Cassia siamea L. Stem Barks: In Vitro and Computational Prediction. Science and Technology Indonesia, 11(1), 235–251. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2026.11.1.235-251
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