Potential Use of Cashew Apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) Powder as a Pharmaceutical Diluent in Simvastatin Tablets
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Keywords:
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Cashew Apple, Diluent, Pharmaceutical Excipient, Simvastatin, Stability, Tablet
Abstract
This research aimed to create cashew apple powder (CAP) for use as a pharmaceutical diluent in tablet formulations and evaluate its suitability with simvastatin as a model drug. CAP was produced by grinding followed by milling for size reduction. CAP was incorporated as a diluent in simvastatin 20 mg tablets formulated using wet granulation and direct compression methods. CAP had light brown irregular particles. The median particle size (D50) was 282 ± 32 µm. True density was 1.408 g/cm3, bulk density was 0.405 g/cm3, and tapped density was 0.489 g/cm3. CAP had good flow properties and significantly better compaction properties than lactose monohydrate. There was no interaction between simvastatin and CAP based on FTIR and DSC analyses. Physical evaluation of the tablets prepared by the wet granulation method showed that hardness was 6.2 ± 0.6 kgf, disintegration time was 2.50 ± 0.75 minutes, % friability was 0.65% and assay simvastatin content was 101.22 ± 0.24 % LA. In the same manner, the tablets produced by direct compression had a hardness of 4.1 ± 0.2 kgf, disintegration time value of 0.83 ± 0.20 minutes, friability of 0.86%, and an assay simvastatin content of 102.65 ± 1.03% LA. Simvastatin tablets incorporating CAP showed complete drug release in 15 minutes. After 3 months of storage, no significant changes were recorded in the physicochemical properties, other than a slight increase in hardness for the wet granulation tablets. This study indicates that CAP can be considered a promising pharmaceutical excipient for immediate-release tablet formulations, compatible with both wet granulation and direct compression methods.
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Ghanbari, E., S. J. Picken, and J. H. van Esch (2023). Analysis of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC): Determining the Transition Temperatures, and Enthalpy and Heat Capacity Changes in Multicomponent Systems by Analytical Model Fitting. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148(22); 12393–12409.
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Hadinugroho, W. (2024). Study of Citric Acid-Locust Bean Gum as a Glidant to Fillers of Cellulose Derivatives. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(3); 613–620.
Hashem, M. A., A. K. Hussein, H. Abdelkader, and M. S. Saddik (2024). Solubility Enhancement of Simvastatin for Wound Dressing Preparation. Journal of Advanced Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(2); 75–79.
Kannan, V., V. Rangarajan, S. D. Manjare, and P. V. Pathak (2021). Microbial Production of Value-Added Products from Cashew Apples – An Economical Boost to Cashew Farmers. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 15(4); 1816–1832.
Kopp, S. (2006). Stability Testing of Pharmaceutical Products in a Global Environment. RAJ Pharma, 5; 291–294.
Kumari, N., P. Roy, S. Roy, C. Wang, S. Das, N. Pandey, S. K. Mondal, A. Bose, C. C. Sun, and A. Ghosh (2024). Development of Direct Compression Acetazolamide Tablet with Improved Bioavailability in Healthy Human Volunteers Enabled by Cocrystallization with p-Aminobenzoic Acid. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 652; 123793.
Lagnika, C., A. M. O. Amoussa, A. Sanni, and L. Lagnika (2019). Effect of Blanching and Ultrasound on Drying Time, Physicochemical and Bioactive Compounds of Dried Cashew Apple. American Journal of Food Science and Technology, 7(6); 227–233.
Leuenberger, H. (1982). The Compressibility and Compactibility of Powder Systems. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 12(1); 41–55.
Mahboobian, M. M., S. Dadashzadeh, M. Rezaei, M. Mohammadi, and N. Bolourchian (2022). Simvastatin in Ternary Solid Dispersion Formulations: Improved in Vitro Dissolution and Anti-Hyperlipidemia Efficiency. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 74; 103571.
Molokhia, A. M., M. A. Moustafa, and M. W. Gouda (1982). Effect of Storage Conditions on the Hardness, Disintegration and Drug Release from Some Tablet Bases. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 8(2); 283–292.
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Muenraya, P., A. Atipairin, T. Srichana, N. Changsan, N. Balekar, and S. Sawatdee (2024). Development of Pharmaceutical Equivalent Montelukast Sodium Immediate Release, Film-Coated Tablets. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(1); 43–58.
Nguyen, T. P. T., T. T. T. Tran, N. M. N. Ton, and V. V. M. Le (2023). Use of Cashew Apple Pomace Powder in Pasta Making: Effects of Powder Ratio on the Product Quality. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 73(1); 50–58.
Offia-Olua, B. I. and G. C. Onwubiko (2015). Physico-Chemical Properties and Micronutrients of Whole Wheat Flour Partially Substituted with Cashew Apple Powder. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2(5); 044–051.
Paiva, J. d., L. d. M. Barros, and J. Cavalcanti (2009). Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Breeding: A Global Perspective. In Breeding Plantation Tree Crops: Tropical Species. Springer, pages 287–324.
Pavia, D. L., G. M. Lampman, G. S. Kriz, and J. R. Vyvyan (2001). Introduction to Spectroscopy. Belmont, USA; 13.
Pereira, A. L. F., F. D. L. Almeida, M. A. Lima, J. M. C. da Costa, and S. Rodrigues (2014). Spray-Drying of Probiotic Cashew Apple Juice. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 7(9); 2492–2499.
Pérez-Ibarbia, L., T. Majdanski, S. Schubert, N. Windhab, and U. S. Schubert (2016). Safety and Regulatory Review of Dyes Commonly Used as Excipients in Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Applications. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 93; 264–273.
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Authors
Changsan, N., Atipairin, A., Muenraya, P., Srichana, T., Sritharadol, R., Chanthorn, W., Balekar, N., Madting, A., & Sawatdee, S. (2026). Potential Use of Cashew Apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) Powder as a Pharmaceutical Diluent in Simvastatin Tablets. Science and Technology Indonesia, 11(1), 36–54. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2026.11.1.36-54
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