Phytochemical Properties, In Silico and In Vitro Analysis of the Antibacterial Activity of Cinnamomum sulavesianum Bark from Sulawesi
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Keywords:
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Antibacterial, Bark, Biopharmaceutical, Cinnamon, Oils
Abstract
Cinnamomum sulavesianum is an aromatic plant in Sulawesi, exhibiting significant potential as an antibacterial candidate. The ongoing search for new antibacterial agents, particularly from natural sources, is crucial due to the rising antibiotic resistance. This study aims to identify the essential oil composition of C. sulavesianum and evaluate its antibacterial properties in silico and in vitro. This study represents the first report on the essential oil content of C. sulavesianum bark and its associated antibacterial effects. The analysis of essential oil content was conducted using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) with an Agilent Technologies 7890 Gas Chromatograph equipped with an Auto Sampler. The in silico analysis has been performed through molecular docking of compounds found in C. sulavesianum. Antibacterial testing was carried out using the disc diffusion method, targeting bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results from the GC-MS analysis revealed that the bark of C. sulavesianum consists of 10 essential oil compounds, with the primary constituents being Linalool (32.3%), Copaene (6.77%), Eugenol (5.05%), and Eucalyptol (3.17%). In silico evaluations suggest these compounds possess antibacterial potential against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, in vitro assessments demonstrated that the bark extract of C. sulavesianum formed an inhibition zone that was, on average, categorized as strong based on its inhibitory efficacy. These findings indicate that C. sulavesianum bark holds promise for developing new antibiotics.
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Chen, J., C. Tang, R. Zhang, S. Ye, Z. Zhao, Y. Huang, X. Xu, W. Lan, and D. Yang (2020). Metabolomics Analysis to Evaluate the Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil from the Leaves of Cinnamomum camphora Linn. Presl. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 253; 112652
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Diastuti, H., M. Chasani, and S. Suwandri (2020). Antibacterial Activity of Benzyl Benzoate and Crotepoxide from Kaempferia rotunda L. Rhizome. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 20(1); 9–15
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Guo, F., Q. Liang, M. Zhang, W. Chen, H. Chen, Y. Yun, Q. Zhong, and W. Chen (2021). Antibacterial Activity and Mechanism of Linalool against Shewanella putrefaciens. Molecules, 26(1); 245
Hajimonfarednejad, M., M. Ostovar, M. J. Raee, M. H. Hashempur, J. G. Mayer, and M. Heydari (2019). Cinnamon: A Systematic Review of Adverse Events. Clinical Nutrition, 38(2); 594–602
Hakim, M., S. Susilowati, M. Effendi, W. Tyasningsih, R. Sugihartuti, S. Chusniati, and A. Witaningrum (2020). The Effectiveness of Antibacterial Essential Oil of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) on Staphylococcus aureus. Ecology, Environment and Conservation, 26; S276–S280
He, R., W. Chen, H. Chen, Q. Zhong, H. Zhang, M. Zhang, and W. Chen (2022). Antibacterial Mechanism of Linalool against L. Monocytogenes, a Metabolomic Study. Food Control, 132; 108533
Hurria, H., A. Alfian, M. F. R. M. Saleh, H. Djamaludin, M. Mursyid, W. Witno, and A. S. Mahulette (2023). Essential Oils of Etlingera acanthodes AD Poulsen, an Endemic Ginger from Sulawesi Island. Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology, 8(2); 72117
Ivanović, V., M. Rančić, B. Arsić, and A. Pavlović (2020). Lipinski’s Rule of Five, Famous Extensions and Famous Exceptions. Popular Scientific Article, 3(1); 171–177
Jeyakumar, G. E. and R. Lawrence (2021). Mechanisms of Bactericidal Action of Eugenol against Escherichia coli. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 26; 100406
Jha, V., M. Parab, D. Poojari, Y. Gharat, M. Markam, D. Dhopeshwarkar, K. Manna, A. Jhangiani, S. Narvekar, S. Kore, J. Gaikwad, and A. Sahu (2022). GC-MS Analysis of Volatile Constituents, Antibacterial Activity, and Mechanism of Action of the Essential Oil from Cinnamomum Cassia Bark Against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci. Journal of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Research, 4(3); 1–8
Kalontong, P. K., M. Safithri, and K. Tarman (2022). Penambatan Molekul Senyawa Aktif Spirulina platensis sebagai Inhibitor TMPRSS2 untuk Mencegah Infeksi SARS-COV-2. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 25(2); 253–267
Kaskoos, R. A. (2019). GC/MS Profile and in-vitro Antidiabetic Activity of Cinnamomum z Eylanicum Blume., Bark and Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague, Seeds. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 22(2); 535–544
Kostermans, A. J. (1986). A Monograph of the Genus Cinnamomum Schaeff. (Lauraceae) Part 1. Acad. Scientific Book
Krell, T. and M. A. Matilla (2024). Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Trends in Microbiology, 32(2); 216–218
Lee, A. S., H. De Lencastre, J. Garau, J. Kluytmans, S. Malhotra-Kumar, A. Peschel, and S. Harbarth (2018). Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 4(1); 1–23
Lewa, S. and S. Gugule (2022). Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) Bark Essential Oil As Raw Material for Skin Cream and Anti-Bacterial. Acta Chimica Asiana, 5(1); 158–165
Liu, X., J. Cai, H. Chen, Q. Zhong, Y. Hou, W. Chen, and W. Chen (2020). Antibacterial Activity and Mechanism of Linalool against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbial Pathogenesis, 141; 103980
Nursamsiar, N., M. M. Mangande, A. Awaluddin, S. Nur, and A. Asnawi (2020). In Silico Study of Aglycon Curculigoside A and Its Derivatives As ????-Amilase Inhibitors. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 7(1); 29–37
Ondusko, D. S. and D. Nolt (2018). Staphylococcus aureus. Pediatrics in Review, 39(6); 287–298
Pagliari, S., M. Forcella, E. Lonati, G. Sacco, F. Romaniello, P. Rovellini, P. Fusi, P. Palestini, L. Campone, M. Labra, A. Bulbarelli, and I. Bruni (2023). Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) Bark Extract After in Vitro Digestion Simulation. Foods, 12(3); 452
Pavithra, B. (2014). Eugenol-A Review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 6(3); 153
Poirel, L., J.-Y. Madec, A. Lupo, A.-K. Schink, N. Kieffer, P. Nordmann, and S. Schwarz (2018). Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli. Microbiology Spectrum, 6(4); 10–1128
Puspitasari, Y. E., M. A. Alfikri, R. Sitanggang, J. E. Tambunan, and H. Hardoko (2023). In Silico Analysis of Phenolic Compounds from Ceriops decandra Griff. Leaves and Molecular Interaction As Anti Diabetes. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8(4); 542–553
Putri, A., A. Soesantyo, and E. Iftitah (2025). Effect of Edible Coating Material Composition Based on Chitosan-Gelatin-CaCl2 and Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) Essential Oil on the Protection of Cocoa Beans (Theobroma cacao L.) during Storage. Science and Technology, 10(2); 528–537
Rukmana, R. M., R. Silfarohana, A. D. P. Putra, D. Safrina, D. Susanti, N. R. Wijaya, M. B. S. Adi, M. E. Prastiyanto, Y. A. Cahyaningrum, R. Nurmaulawati, and W. S. Bhagawan (2025). Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Activity and Anticancer Activity of Gamma-Irradiated Black Rice Bran (Oryza sativa L.) Ethanolic Extract: In-Vitro and In-Silico Study. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(2); 628–643
Severn, M. M. and A. R. Horswill (2023). Staphylococcus epidermidis and Its Dual Lifestyle in Skin Health and Infection. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 21(2); 97–111
Sharifi-Rad, J., A. Dey, N. Koirala, S. Shaheen, N. El Omari, B. Salehi, T. Goloshvili, N. C. Cirone Silva, A. Bouyahya, S. Vitalini, E. M. Varoni, M. Martorell, A. Abdolshahi, A. O. Docea, M. Iriti, D. Calina, F. Les, V. Lopez, and C. Caruntu (2021). Cinnamomum Species: Bridging Phytochemistry Knowledge, Pharmacological Properties and Toxicological Safety for Health Benefits. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12; 600139
Shu, C., L. Ge, Z. Li, B. Chen, S. Liao, L. Lu, Q. Wu, X. Jiang, Y. An, Z. Wang, and M. Qu (2024). Antibacterial Activity of Cinnamon Essential Oil and Its Main Component of Cinnamaldehyde and the Underlying Mechanism. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 15; 1378434
Singh, J., V. Meshram, and M. Gupta (2020). Bioactive Natural Products in Drug Discovery. Springer
Su, R., P. Guo, Z. Zhang, J. Wang, X. Guo, D. Guo, Y. Wang, X. Lü, and C. Shi (2022). Antibacterial Activity and Mechanism of Linalool against Shigella sonnei and Its Application in Lettuce. Foods, 11(20); 3160
Tran, H. N., L. Graham, and E. C. Adukwu (2020). In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Bark and Leaf Essential Oils against Candida albicans and Candida auris. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 104(20); 8911–8924
Türkez, H., K. Celik, and B. Toğar (2014). Effects of Copaene, a Tricyclic Sesquiterpene, on Human Lymphocytes Cells in Vitro. Cytotechnology, 66(4); 597–603
Vasconcelos, N., J. Croda, and S. Simionatto (2018). Antibacterial Mechanisms of Cinnamon and Its Constituents: A Review. Microbial Pathogenesis, 120; 198–203
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Authors
Hurria, Alfian, A. ., & Mahmudah, R. . (2026). Phytochemical Properties, In Silico and In Vitro Analysis of the Antibacterial Activity of Cinnamomum sulavesianum Bark from Sulawesi. Science and Technology Indonesia, 11(1), 121–136. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2026.11.1.121-136
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