Design and Formulation of Hydrogel Sponges for Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome Delivery
Article Sidebar
Keywords:
-
Secretome, Hydrogel Sponge, PVA-HPMC-PEG, FGF-2, ELISA
Abstract
The mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) secretome plays multiple roles in tissue regeneration and wound healing due to its content of various bioactive factors, including Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 (FGF-2). To support its topical application, an effective delivery system is required to preserve the stability and bioactivity of the secretome. A hydrogel sponge based on PVA-HPMC-PEG was selected as the delivery matrix due to its porous structure, flexibility, and ability to release active substances, thereby making it a promising candidate for wound healing applications. The objective of this research was to formulate a PVA-HPMC-PEG-based hydrogel sponge for a secretome delivery system. The hydrogel sponge was prepared using the freeze-drying method and optimized by varying the PVA concentration to achieve the desired physicochemical characteristics. The optimal formulation (F4) consists of 20% PVA, 2% HPMC, and 7.5% PEG. Evaluation revealed that this formulation exhibited a flexible sponge-like structure with a swelling percentage of 279.793% ± 0.06, elongation percentage of 107.923% ± 4.98, and physical crosslinking confirmed by FTIR analysis. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis demonstrated pore size ranging from 20 to 215 μm. Furthermore, secretome release was assessed using a Franz diffusion cell, and FGF-2 levels were quantified via ELISA. The results confirmed that the hydrogel sponge effectively facilitated the release of the secretome.
References
American Society for Testing and Materials (2016). ASTM D638-14: Standard Practice for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
Bal-Ozturk, A., O. Karal-Yilmaz, Z. P. Akguner, S. Aksu, A. Tas, and H. Olmez (2019). Sponge-Like Chitosan-Based Nanostructured Antibacterial Material as a Topical Hemostat. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 136(19); 1–10
Caplan, A. I. (2018). Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine. In Principles of Regenerative Medicine, 219-227. Elsevier Inc.
Chu, D. T., T. N. T. Phuong, N. L. B. Tien, D. K. Tran, L. B. Minh, V. V. Thanh, P. G. Anh, V. H. Pham, and V. T. Nga (2019). Adipose Tissue Stem Cells for Therapy: An Update on the Progress of Isolation, Culture, Storage, and Clinical Application. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(7); 917
Deshpande, R., M. Kanitkar, S. Kadam, K. Dixit, H. Chhabra, J. Bellare, S. Datar, and V. P. Kale (2018). Matrix-Entrapped Cellular Secretome Rescues Diabetes-Induced EPC Dysfunction and Accelerates Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice. PLoS One, 13(8); e0202510
Dharmalingam, K. and R. Anandalakshmi (2019). Fabrication, Characterization and Drug Loading Efficiency of Citric Acid Crosslinked NaCMC–HPMC Hydrogel Films for Wound Healing Drug Delivery Applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 134; 815–829
Du, J., Q. Zhu, J. Guo, J. Gu, J. Guo, Y. Wu, L. Ren, S. Yang, and J. Jiang (2025). Preparation and Characterization of Edible Films from Gelatin and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose/Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose. Heliyon, 11(1); e41613
Durairaj, V., R. Kalpana, and V. Kumar (2024). Polyethylene Glycol Cross-Linked Hydrogel for Drug Absorption Properties. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 16(Suppl 2); S1201–S1203
Elabscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (n.d.). Human bFGF/FGF2 (Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor) ELISA Kit (E-EL-H6042). Product Information from Elabscience Official Website. Sandwich ELISA Kit for in Vitro Quantitative Determination of Human bFGF/FGF2 Concentrations in Serum, Plasma and Other Biological Fluids. Product Details Retrieved from Elabscience website
Farooq, M., A. W. Khan, M. S. Kim, and S. Choi (2021). The Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) Signaling in Tissue Repair and Regeneration. Cells, 10; 3242
Feng, W. and Z. Wang (2023). Tailoring the Swelling Shrinkable Behavior of Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. Advanced Science, 10(28); 1–41
Foo, J. B., Q. H. Looi, P. P. Chong, N. H. Hassan, G. E. C. Yeo, C. Y. Ng, B. Koh, C. W. How, S. H. Lee, and J. X. Law (2021). Comparing the Therapeutic Potential of Stem Cells and Their Secretory Products in Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cells International, (1); 2616807
Francesko, A., P. Petkova, and T. Tzanov (2018). Hydrogel Dressings for Advanced Wound Management. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 25(41); 5782–5797
Ghorpade, V. S., A. V. Yadav, and R. J. Dias (2016). Citric Acid Crosslinked Cyclodextrin/Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Hydrogel Films for Hydrophobic Drug Delivery. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 93; 75–86
Ibrahim, R., H. Mndlovu, P. Kumar, S. A. Adeyemi, and Y. E. Choonara (2022). Cell Secretome Strategies for Controlled Drug Delivery and Wound-Healing Applications. Polymers, 14(14)
Jiang, X., M. Wu, J. Albo, and Q. Rao (2021). Non-Specific Binding and Cross-Reaction of ELISA: A Case Study of Porcine Hemoglobin Detection. Foods, 10(8); 1–17
Kwon, J. W., C. Savitri, B. An, S. W. Yang, and K. Park (2023). Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Secretome-Enriched Alginate/Extracellular Matrix Hydrogel Patch Accelerates Skin Wound Healing. Biomaterials Research, 27(1); 1–20
Lai, C. P., O. Mardini, M. Ericsson, S. Prabhakar, C. Maguire, C. W. John, T. A. Bakhos, and X. O. Breakefield (2014). Dynamic Biodistribution of Extracellular Vesicles In Vivo Using a Multimodal Imaging Reporter. ACS Nano, 8(1); 483–494
Li, Q., S. Gong, W. Yao, Z. Yang, R. Wang, Z. Yu, and M. Wei (2021). Exosome-Loaded Genipin Crosslinked Hydrogel Facilitates Full-Thickness Cutaneous Wound Healing in Rat Animal Model. Drug Delivery, 28(1); 884–893
Li, Y., C. Zhu, D. Fan, R. Fu, P. Ma, Z. Duan, X. Li, H. Lei, and L. Chi (2020). Construction of Porous Sponge-Like PVA-CMC-PEG Hydrogels with pH-Sensitivity via Phase Separation for Wound Dressing. International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials, 69(8); 505–515
Liu, K., T. Veenendaal, M. Wiendels, A. M. Ruiz-Zapata, J. van Laar, R. Kyranas, H. Enting, B. van Cranenbroek, H. J. P. M. Koenen, S. M. Mihaila, E. Oosterwijk, and P. H. J. Kouwer (2020). Synthetic Extracellular Matrices as a Toolbox to Tune Stem Cell Secretome. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 12(51); 56723–56730
Marlina, R. Pradifta, H. Lucida, I. R. Sudji, H. N. Salsabila, N. Elida, and P. A. Namira (2023). Formulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome as Antiaging Cream. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 15(Special Issue 1); 45–50
Ng, K. W., P. A. Torzilli, R. F. Warren, and S. A. Maher (2014). Characterization of a Macroporous Polyvinyl Alcohol Scaffold for the Repair of Focal Articular Cartilage Defects. Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 8(1); 164–168
Nooshabadi, V. T., M. Khanmohamadi, E. Valipour, S. Mahdipour, A. Salati, Z. V. Malekshahi, S. Shafei, E. Amini, S. Farzamfar, and J. Ai (2020). Impact of Exosome-Loaded Chitosan Hydrogel in Wound Repair and Layered Dermal Reconstitution in Mice Animal Model. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 108(11); 2138–2149
Pandey, A., M. Momin, and A. Chando (2020). Silver Sulfadiazine-Loaded Breathable Hydrogel Sponge for Wound Healing. Drug Metabolism and Personalized Therapy, 35(3); 13
Podhorská, B., M. Vetrík, E. Chylíková-Krumbholcová, L. Kománková, N. R. Banafshehvaragh, M. Šlouf, M. Dušková-Smrčková, and O. Janoušková (2020). Revealing the True Morphological Structure of Macroporous Soft Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering. Applied Sciences, 10(19); 5–15
Qiao, L., Y. Liang, J. Chen, Y. Huang, S. A. Alsareii, A. M. Alamri, F. A. Harraz, and B. Guo (2023). Antibacterial Conductive Self-Healing Hydrogel Wound Dressing with Dual Dynamic Bonds Promotes Infected Wound Healing. Bioactive Materials, 30; 129–141
Robert, A. W., F. A. Gomes, M. P. Rode, M. M. da Silva, M. B. da R. Veleirinho, M. Maraschin, L. Hayashi, G. W. Calloni, and M. A. Stimamiglio (2019). The Skin Regeneration Potential of a Pro-Angiogenic Secretome from Human Skin-Derived Multipotent Stromal Cells. Journal of Tissue Engineering, 10; 2041731419833391
Shi, Q., Z. Qian, D. Liu, J. Sun, X. Wang, H. Liu, J. Xu, and X. Guo (2017). GMSC-Derived Exosomes Combined with a Chitosan/Silk Hydrogel Sponge Accelerates Wound Healing in a Diabetic Rat Skin Defect Model. Frontiers in Physiology, 8; 1–16
Song, X., C. Zhu, D. Fan, Y. Mi, X. Li, R. Z. Fu, Z. Duan, Y. Wang, and R. R. Feng (2017). A Novel Human-Like Collagen Hydrogel Scaffold with Porous Structure and Sponge-Like Properties. Polymers, 9(12); 1–16
Spicer, C. D. (2020). Hydrogel Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering: The Importance of Polymer Choice. Polymer Chemistry, 11(2); 184–219
Suresh, K. S., S. Bhat, B. R. Guru, M. S. Muttigi, and R. N. Seetharam (2020). A Nanocomposite Hydrogel Delivery System for Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Secretome. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 11(1); 1–14
Tate, J. and G. Ward (2004). Interferences in Immunoassay. Clinical Biochemistry Reviews, 25(2); 105–120
Van De Sandt, J. J. M., J. A. Van Burgsteden, S. Cage, P. L. Carmichael, I. Dick, S. Kenyon, G. Korinth, F. Larese, J. C. Limasset, W. J. M. Maas, L. Montomoli, J. B. Nielsen, J. P. Payan, E. Robinson, P. Sartorelli, K. H. Schaller, S. C. Wilkinson, and F. M. Williams (2004). In Vitro Predictions of Skin Absorption of Caffeine, Testosterone, and Benzoic Acid: A Multi-Centre Comparison Study. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 39(3); 271–281
Wang, C., M. Wang, T. Xu, X. Zhang, C. Lin, W. Gao, H. Xu, B. Lei, and C. Mao (2019). Engineering Bioactive Self-Healing Antibacterial Exosomes Hydrogel for Promoting Chronic Diabetic Wound Healing and Complete Skin Regeneration. Theranostics, 9(1); 65–76
Widowati, W., D. Rahmat, A. Faried, I. M. Nainggolan, D. Priyandoko, T. L. Wargasetia, V. K. Sugiaman, D. N. Triharsiwi, S. Qlintang, H. Murti, R. Azis, and J. Jeffrey (2025). Potential of Secretome Hydrogel for Wound Healing in LPS and Scratch-Induced BJ Cells as an Inflammation Model. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(4); 1242–1254
Yao, T. and Y. Asayama (2017). Animal-Cell Culture Media: History, Characteristics, and Current Issues. Reproductive Medicine and Biology, 16(2); 99–117
Yim, H. E., D. S. Kim, H. C. Chung, B. Shing, K. H. Moon, S. K. George, M. W. Kim, A. Atala, J. H. Kim, I. K. Ko, and J. J. Yoo (2019). Controlled Delivery of Stem Cell Derived Trophic Factors Accelerates Kidney Repair After Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Stem Cells Translational Medicine, 8(9); 959–970
You, T., Q. You, X. Feng, H. Li, B. Yi, and H. Xu (2024). A Novel Approach to Wound Healing: Green Synthetic Nano Zinc Oxide Embedded with Sodium Alginate and Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogels for Dressings. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 654; 1–11
Yu, C., Y. Lu, J. Pang, and L. Li (2024). A Hemostatic Sponge Derived from Chitosan and Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 150
Zhang, J., Z. Yang, C. Li, Y. Dou, Y. Li, T. Thote, D. A. Wang, and Z. Ge (2013). Cells Behave Distinctly Within Sponges and Hydrogels Due to Differences of Internal Structure. Tissue Engineering Part A, 19(19–20); 2166–2175
Zhang, M. and X. Zhao (2020). Alginate Hydrogel Dressings for Advanced Wound Management. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 162; 1414–1428
Zhang, Y., Y. Zheng, F. Shu, R. Zhou, B. Bao, S. Xiao, K. Li, Q. Lin, L. Zhu, and Z. Xia (2022). In Situ-Formed Adhesive Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel with Prolonged Amnion-Derived Conditioned Medium Release for Diabetic Wound Repair. Carbohydrate Polymers, 276; 118752
Bal-Ozturk, A., O. Karal-Yilmaz, Z. P. Akguner, S. Aksu, A. Tas, and H. Olmez (2019). Sponge-Like Chitosan-Based Nanostructured Antibacterial Material as a Topical Hemostat. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 136(19); 1–10
Caplan, A. I. (2018). Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine. In Principles of Regenerative Medicine, 219-227. Elsevier Inc.
Chu, D. T., T. N. T. Phuong, N. L. B. Tien, D. K. Tran, L. B. Minh, V. V. Thanh, P. G. Anh, V. H. Pham, and V. T. Nga (2019). Adipose Tissue Stem Cells for Therapy: An Update on the Progress of Isolation, Culture, Storage, and Clinical Application. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(7); 917
Deshpande, R., M. Kanitkar, S. Kadam, K. Dixit, H. Chhabra, J. Bellare, S. Datar, and V. P. Kale (2018). Matrix-Entrapped Cellular Secretome Rescues Diabetes-Induced EPC Dysfunction and Accelerates Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice. PLoS One, 13(8); e0202510
Dharmalingam, K. and R. Anandalakshmi (2019). Fabrication, Characterization and Drug Loading Efficiency of Citric Acid Crosslinked NaCMC–HPMC Hydrogel Films for Wound Healing Drug Delivery Applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 134; 815–829
Du, J., Q. Zhu, J. Guo, J. Gu, J. Guo, Y. Wu, L. Ren, S. Yang, and J. Jiang (2025). Preparation and Characterization of Edible Films from Gelatin and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose/Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose. Heliyon, 11(1); e41613
Durairaj, V., R. Kalpana, and V. Kumar (2024). Polyethylene Glycol Cross-Linked Hydrogel for Drug Absorption Properties. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 16(Suppl 2); S1201–S1203
Elabscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (n.d.). Human bFGF/FGF2 (Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor) ELISA Kit (E-EL-H6042). Product Information from Elabscience Official Website. Sandwich ELISA Kit for in Vitro Quantitative Determination of Human bFGF/FGF2 Concentrations in Serum, Plasma and Other Biological Fluids. Product Details Retrieved from Elabscience website
Farooq, M., A. W. Khan, M. S. Kim, and S. Choi (2021). The Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) Signaling in Tissue Repair and Regeneration. Cells, 10; 3242
Feng, W. and Z. Wang (2023). Tailoring the Swelling Shrinkable Behavior of Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. Advanced Science, 10(28); 1–41
Foo, J. B., Q. H. Looi, P. P. Chong, N. H. Hassan, G. E. C. Yeo, C. Y. Ng, B. Koh, C. W. How, S. H. Lee, and J. X. Law (2021). Comparing the Therapeutic Potential of Stem Cells and Their Secretory Products in Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cells International, (1); 2616807
Francesko, A., P. Petkova, and T. Tzanov (2018). Hydrogel Dressings for Advanced Wound Management. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 25(41); 5782–5797
Ghorpade, V. S., A. V. Yadav, and R. J. Dias (2016). Citric Acid Crosslinked Cyclodextrin/Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Hydrogel Films for Hydrophobic Drug Delivery. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 93; 75–86
Ibrahim, R., H. Mndlovu, P. Kumar, S. A. Adeyemi, and Y. E. Choonara (2022). Cell Secretome Strategies for Controlled Drug Delivery and Wound-Healing Applications. Polymers, 14(14)
Jiang, X., M. Wu, J. Albo, and Q. Rao (2021). Non-Specific Binding and Cross-Reaction of ELISA: A Case Study of Porcine Hemoglobin Detection. Foods, 10(8); 1–17
Kwon, J. W., C. Savitri, B. An, S. W. Yang, and K. Park (2023). Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Secretome-Enriched Alginate/Extracellular Matrix Hydrogel Patch Accelerates Skin Wound Healing. Biomaterials Research, 27(1); 1–20
Lai, C. P., O. Mardini, M. Ericsson, S. Prabhakar, C. Maguire, C. W. John, T. A. Bakhos, and X. O. Breakefield (2014). Dynamic Biodistribution of Extracellular Vesicles In Vivo Using a Multimodal Imaging Reporter. ACS Nano, 8(1); 483–494
Li, Q., S. Gong, W. Yao, Z. Yang, R. Wang, Z. Yu, and M. Wei (2021). Exosome-Loaded Genipin Crosslinked Hydrogel Facilitates Full-Thickness Cutaneous Wound Healing in Rat Animal Model. Drug Delivery, 28(1); 884–893
Li, Y., C. Zhu, D. Fan, R. Fu, P. Ma, Z. Duan, X. Li, H. Lei, and L. Chi (2020). Construction of Porous Sponge-Like PVA-CMC-PEG Hydrogels with pH-Sensitivity via Phase Separation for Wound Dressing. International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials, 69(8); 505–515
Liu, K., T. Veenendaal, M. Wiendels, A. M. Ruiz-Zapata, J. van Laar, R. Kyranas, H. Enting, B. van Cranenbroek, H. J. P. M. Koenen, S. M. Mihaila, E. Oosterwijk, and P. H. J. Kouwer (2020). Synthetic Extracellular Matrices as a Toolbox to Tune Stem Cell Secretome. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 12(51); 56723–56730
Marlina, R. Pradifta, H. Lucida, I. R. Sudji, H. N. Salsabila, N. Elida, and P. A. Namira (2023). Formulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome as Antiaging Cream. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 15(Special Issue 1); 45–50
Ng, K. W., P. A. Torzilli, R. F. Warren, and S. A. Maher (2014). Characterization of a Macroporous Polyvinyl Alcohol Scaffold for the Repair of Focal Articular Cartilage Defects. Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 8(1); 164–168
Nooshabadi, V. T., M. Khanmohamadi, E. Valipour, S. Mahdipour, A. Salati, Z. V. Malekshahi, S. Shafei, E. Amini, S. Farzamfar, and J. Ai (2020). Impact of Exosome-Loaded Chitosan Hydrogel in Wound Repair and Layered Dermal Reconstitution in Mice Animal Model. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 108(11); 2138–2149
Pandey, A., M. Momin, and A. Chando (2020). Silver Sulfadiazine-Loaded Breathable Hydrogel Sponge for Wound Healing. Drug Metabolism and Personalized Therapy, 35(3); 13
Podhorská, B., M. Vetrík, E. Chylíková-Krumbholcová, L. Kománková, N. R. Banafshehvaragh, M. Šlouf, M. Dušková-Smrčková, and O. Janoušková (2020). Revealing the True Morphological Structure of Macroporous Soft Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering. Applied Sciences, 10(19); 5–15
Qiao, L., Y. Liang, J. Chen, Y. Huang, S. A. Alsareii, A. M. Alamri, F. A. Harraz, and B. Guo (2023). Antibacterial Conductive Self-Healing Hydrogel Wound Dressing with Dual Dynamic Bonds Promotes Infected Wound Healing. Bioactive Materials, 30; 129–141
Robert, A. W., F. A. Gomes, M. P. Rode, M. M. da Silva, M. B. da R. Veleirinho, M. Maraschin, L. Hayashi, G. W. Calloni, and M. A. Stimamiglio (2019). The Skin Regeneration Potential of a Pro-Angiogenic Secretome from Human Skin-Derived Multipotent Stromal Cells. Journal of Tissue Engineering, 10; 2041731419833391
Shi, Q., Z. Qian, D. Liu, J. Sun, X. Wang, H. Liu, J. Xu, and X. Guo (2017). GMSC-Derived Exosomes Combined with a Chitosan/Silk Hydrogel Sponge Accelerates Wound Healing in a Diabetic Rat Skin Defect Model. Frontiers in Physiology, 8; 1–16
Song, X., C. Zhu, D. Fan, Y. Mi, X. Li, R. Z. Fu, Z. Duan, Y. Wang, and R. R. Feng (2017). A Novel Human-Like Collagen Hydrogel Scaffold with Porous Structure and Sponge-Like Properties. Polymers, 9(12); 1–16
Spicer, C. D. (2020). Hydrogel Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering: The Importance of Polymer Choice. Polymer Chemistry, 11(2); 184–219
Suresh, K. S., S. Bhat, B. R. Guru, M. S. Muttigi, and R. N. Seetharam (2020). A Nanocomposite Hydrogel Delivery System for Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Secretome. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 11(1); 1–14
Tate, J. and G. Ward (2004). Interferences in Immunoassay. Clinical Biochemistry Reviews, 25(2); 105–120
Van De Sandt, J. J. M., J. A. Van Burgsteden, S. Cage, P. L. Carmichael, I. Dick, S. Kenyon, G. Korinth, F. Larese, J. C. Limasset, W. J. M. Maas, L. Montomoli, J. B. Nielsen, J. P. Payan, E. Robinson, P. Sartorelli, K. H. Schaller, S. C. Wilkinson, and F. M. Williams (2004). In Vitro Predictions of Skin Absorption of Caffeine, Testosterone, and Benzoic Acid: A Multi-Centre Comparison Study. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 39(3); 271–281
Wang, C., M. Wang, T. Xu, X. Zhang, C. Lin, W. Gao, H. Xu, B. Lei, and C. Mao (2019). Engineering Bioactive Self-Healing Antibacterial Exosomes Hydrogel for Promoting Chronic Diabetic Wound Healing and Complete Skin Regeneration. Theranostics, 9(1); 65–76
Widowati, W., D. Rahmat, A. Faried, I. M. Nainggolan, D. Priyandoko, T. L. Wargasetia, V. K. Sugiaman, D. N. Triharsiwi, S. Qlintang, H. Murti, R. Azis, and J. Jeffrey (2025). Potential of Secretome Hydrogel for Wound Healing in LPS and Scratch-Induced BJ Cells as an Inflammation Model. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(4); 1242–1254
Yao, T. and Y. Asayama (2017). Animal-Cell Culture Media: History, Characteristics, and Current Issues. Reproductive Medicine and Biology, 16(2); 99–117
Yim, H. E., D. S. Kim, H. C. Chung, B. Shing, K. H. Moon, S. K. George, M. W. Kim, A. Atala, J. H. Kim, I. K. Ko, and J. J. Yoo (2019). Controlled Delivery of Stem Cell Derived Trophic Factors Accelerates Kidney Repair After Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Stem Cells Translational Medicine, 8(9); 959–970
You, T., Q. You, X. Feng, H. Li, B. Yi, and H. Xu (2024). A Novel Approach to Wound Healing: Green Synthetic Nano Zinc Oxide Embedded with Sodium Alginate and Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogels for Dressings. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 654; 1–11
Yu, C., Y. Lu, J. Pang, and L. Li (2024). A Hemostatic Sponge Derived from Chitosan and Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 150
Zhang, J., Z. Yang, C. Li, Y. Dou, Y. Li, T. Thote, D. A. Wang, and Z. Ge (2013). Cells Behave Distinctly Within Sponges and Hydrogels Due to Differences of Internal Structure. Tissue Engineering Part A, 19(19–20); 2166–2175
Zhang, M. and X. Zhao (2020). Alginate Hydrogel Dressings for Advanced Wound Management. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 162; 1414–1428
Zhang, Y., Y. Zheng, F. Shu, R. Zhou, B. Bao, S. Xiao, K. Li, Q. Lin, L. Zhu, and Z. Xia (2022). In Situ-Formed Adhesive Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel with Prolonged Amnion-Derived Conditioned Medium Release for Diabetic Wound Repair. Carbohydrate Polymers, 276; 118752
Authors
Noviza, D., Ardelia, S. P., & Marlina. (2026). Design and Formulation of Hydrogel Sponges for Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome Delivery. Science and Technology Indonesia, 11(2), 692–700. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2026.11.2.692-700
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.