Engineering the Anatase-Rutile Phase Composition of TiO2 through H2O2 Addition and Its Photocatalytic Activity
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Keywords:
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Mixed-Phase TiO2, Sol-Gel, Hydrothermal, Anatase-Rutile, SDGs 6, Wastewater Treatment
Abstract
The synthesis of mixed-phase anatase–rutile TiO₂ has been carried out to improve its light response and photocatalytic activity. The synthesis of mixed-phase TiO₂ was performed through a sol–gel method in an alkaline solution and followed by a hydrothermal process in an autoclave at a temperature of 150 °C for 3 h. A 60 mL of 0.5 M HNO₃ was then added into the TiO₂ precipitate, followed by the addition of various amounts (0 mL, 10 mL, and 20 mL) of 30% H₂O₂. The suspension was homogenized by sonication for 30 min to obtain an anatase–rutile mixed phase. The resulting mixed-phase TiO₂ was further labeled as A0, A1, and A2, respectively. The High-Score analysis showed that the phase composition of TiO₂ was 9.4% anatase and 90.6% rutile (A0); 17% anatase and 83% rutile (A1); and 49.6% anatase and 50.4% rutile (A2). The diffuse reflectance spectra showed a shift in the band gap energy from 3.17 eV (fully anatase TiO₂) to 2.75–2.86 eV in A0, A1, and A2 mixed-phase TiO₂. These results suggested that the photocatalytic activity of A1 and A2 mixed-phase TiO₂ would occur in the early visible-light region (λ > 400 nm). The photocatalytic examination of the mixed-phase TiO₂ under LED and UV irradiation resulted in a decrease in rhodamine-B (Rh-B) concentration of up to 92%. However, the photocatalytic activity of mixed-phase TiO₂ did not outperform that of fully anatase TiO₂, which achieved a 98% reduction in Rh-B concentration.
References
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El-Desoky, M. M., Morad, I., Wasfy, M. H., & Mansour, A. F. (2020). Synthesis, structural and electrical properties of PVA/TiO₂ nanocomposite films with different TiO₂ nanoparticle using biological renewable resource of unmodified lignin as a template. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 223, 145–151.
Cheng, H., Wang, J., Zhao, Y., & Han, X. (2014). Effect of phase composition, morphology, and specific surface area on phases prepared by sol–gel technique. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 31(20), 17574–17584.
Fan, C., Do, D. D., & Nicholson, D. (2013). Condensation and evaporation in capillaries with nonuniform cross sections. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 52(39), 14304–14314.
Fitri, E. S., Mohadi, R., Palapa, N. R., Rachman, S. A., & Lesbani, A. (2024). Selective removal of anionic and cationic dyes using magnetic composites. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(1), 129–136.
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Gibas, A., Winnicki, M., Baszczuk, A., & Jasiorski, M. (2025). Aerosol-assisted low-pressure cold spraying of TiO₂ suspension. Surface and Coatings Technology, 496, 131715.
He, Y., Sutton, N. B., Rijnaarts, H. H. H., & Langenhoff, A. A. M. (2016). Degradation of pharmaceuticals in wastewater using immobilized TiO₂ photocatalysis under simulated solar irradiation. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 182, 132–141.
Huang, Y.-S., & Liu, H.-W. (2014). Growth morphologies of nanostructured rutile TiO₂. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 23(4), 1240–1246.
Irie, H., Watanabe, Y., & Hashimoto, K. (2003a). Carbon-doped anatase TiO₂ powders as a visible-light sensitive photocatalyst. Chemistry Letters, 32(8), 772–773.
Lettieri, S. (2017). Photoluminescence mechanisms in anatase and rutile TiO₂. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 121(16), 9011–9021.
Pelaez, M., Nolan, N. T., Pillai, S. C., Seery, M. K., Falaras, P., Kontos, A. G., Dunlop, P. S. M., Hamilton, J. W. J., Byrne, J. A., O’Shea, K., Entezari, M. H., & Dionysiou, D. D. (2012). A review on the visible light active titanium dioxide photocatalysts for environmental applications. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 125, 331–349.
Rajabi, M., Shogh, S., & Irajizad, A. (2015). Defect study of TiO₂ nanorods grown by a hydrothermal method through photoluminescence spectroscopy. Journal of Luminescence, 157, 235–242.
Rokade, S. D., Nandanwar, D. V., Kondawar, S. B., Bramhankar, P. A., Wasnik, P. B., & Bisen, M. S. (2024). Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline/TiO₂ nanocomposite-based ammonia gas sensor. Next Research, 1(2), 100065.
Irie, H., Watanabe, Y., & Hashimoto, K. (2003b). Nitrogen-concentration dependence on photocatalytic activity of TiO₂−xNₓ powders. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 107(23), 5483–5486.
Ishigaki, T., Nakada, Y., Tarutani, N., Uchikoshi, T., Tsujimoto, M., Isobe, M., Ogata, H., Zhang, C., & Hao, D. (2020). Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of anatase–rutile mixed-phase nano-size powder given by high-temperature heat treatment. Royal Society Open Science, 7(1), 191539.
Jacob, K. A., Peter, P. M., Jose, P. E., Balakrishnan, C. J., & Thomas, V. J. (2022). A simple method for the synthesis of anatase–rutile mixed-phase TiO₂ using a convenient precursor and higher visible-light photocatalytic activity of co-doped TiO₂. Materials Today: Proceedings, 49, 1408–1417.
Kacem, M., Plantard, G., Brienza, M., & Goetz, V. (2017). Continuous-flow aqueous system for heterogeneous photocatalytic disinfection of Gram-negative Escherichia coli. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 56(51), 15001–15007.
Lazar, M., Varghese, S., & Nair, S. (2012). Photocatalytic water treatment by titanium dioxide: Recent updates. Catalysts, 2(4), 572–601.
Lei, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, P., Zhou, J., Wu, J., Li, K., Wang, W., & Chen, L. (2021). Controllable one-step synthesis of mixed-phase TiO₂ nanocrystals with equivalent anatase/rutile ratio for enhanced photocatalytic performance. Nanomaterials, 11(5), 1347.
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Authors
Wahyuni, S., Sri Kadarwati, M. Alauhdin, Addy Rachmat, Nuril Huda, Eka Siti Rinjani, & Ridho Prasetyo. (2026). Engineering the Anatase-Rutile Phase Composition of TiO2 through H2O2 Addition and Its Photocatalytic Activity. Science and Technology Indonesia, 11(3), 955–971. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2026.11.3.955-971
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