Unravelling the Potential of Wild Endemic Sumatran Turmeric (Curcuma sumatrana Miq.) as a Candidate of Herbal Medicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Article Sidebar
Keywords:
-
Antioxidant, Cognitive Deficits, Curcuma sumatrana, Hippocampus, Malondialdehyde
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases pose significant health challenges, while synthetic drugs are often associated with detrimental side effects. Hence, the search for herbal medicines is warranted. Curcuma sumatrana is traditionally used by Minangkabau people as a herbal medicine, but it remains scientifically underexplored. This study aims to evaluate its neuroprotective potential through phytochemical profiling, computational analyses, and biological assays. LC-MS/MS-QTOF profiling identified 13 compounds in the rhizome extract, predominantly terpenoids. In silico analyses predicted antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antineurodegenerative activities, while drug-likeness assessment suggested favorable bioavailability for all identified compounds. Furthermore, molecular docking targeting neurodegeneration-associated proteins revealed strong interactions of compounds namely brefeldin A, nigakilactone K, genistein, and 8-epi-loganic acid-6’-O-β-D-glucoside with MAPK1, TNF-α, BACE1, and CASP3, respectively. In addition, the extract exhibited notable antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay and ameliorated monosodium glutamate-induced cognitive impairment, hippocampal neurodegeneration, and elevated brain malondialdehyde levels in mice. Hence, C. sumatrana is a promising herbal medicine for neurodegenerative diseases, plausibly acting through the modulation of neurodegeneration-related pathways and antioxidant mechanisms. These findings provide a foundation for future drug discovery by identifying bioactive compounds with potential applications in the management of neurodegenerative disorders.
References
Adamu, A., S. Li, F. Gao, and G. Xue (2024). The Role of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Current Understanding and Future Therapeutic Targets. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 16; 1347987
Alam, A., M. A. Hosen, A. Hosen, Y. Fujii, Y. Ozeki, and S. M. Abe Kawsar (2021). Synthesis, Characterization, and Molecular Docking Against a Receptor Protein FimH of Escherichia coli (4XO8) of Thymidine Derivatives. Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society, 65(2); 256–276
Alamsjah, F., A. Agustien, and T. Alam (2023). Antibacterial Activity of Curcuma sumatrana Miq. Rhizome Extract, an Endemic Plant of West Sumatra, Against Gram-Positive Bacteria. Bioscientist Journal, 9(1); 63–71
Albaqami, J. J., H. Hamdi, A. Narayanankutty, N. U. Visakh, A. Sasidharan, A. M. Kuttithodi, A. C. Famurewa, and B. Pathrose (2022). Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of the Leaf Essential Oils of Curcuma longa, Curcuma aromatica, and Curcuma angustifolia. Antibiotics, 11(11); 1547
Altahrawi, A. Y., A. W. James, and Z. A. Shah (2025). The Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Vascular Dementia. Cells, 14(8); 609
Andronie-Cioara, F. L., A. I. Ardelean, C. D. NistorCseppento, A. Jurcau, M. C. Jurcau, N. Pascalau, and F. Marcu (2023). Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroinflammation in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Progression. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(3); 1869
Arafat, M. T., H. R. Ghaiad, and E. M. Elbaz (2025). Genistein Exerts Neuroprotective Effects in an Ouabain-Induced Model of Bipolar Disorder: Behavioral and Molecular Insights. Neurochemical Research, 51(1); 10
Assiry, A. A., N. Ahmed, A. Almuaddi, A. Saif, M. A. Alshahrani, R. N. Mohamed, and M. I. Karobari (2023). The Antioxidant Activity, Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Zingiber zerumbet and Antimicrobial Efficacy Against Selective Endodontic Bacteria. Food Science & Nutrition, 11(8); 4853–4860
Banji, D., O. J. F. Banji, and K. Srinivas (2021). Neuroprotective Effect of Turmeric Extract in Combination with Its Essential Oil and Enhanced Brain Bioavailability in an Animal Model. BioMed Research International, 2021; 6645720
Bartolić, M. and A. Bosak (2025). BACE1: Biological Functions and Involvement in the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurological Disorders. BioFactors, 51(6); e70071
Bi, D., H. Bao, X. Yang, Z. Wu, X. Yang, G. Xu, X. Liu, Z. Wan, J. Liu, J. He, L. Wen, Y. Jing, R. Zhu, Z. Long, Y. Rong, D. Wang, X. Wang, W. Xiong, G. Huang, F. Gao, and Y. Shen (2025). BACE1-Dependent Cleavage of GABAA Receptor Contributes to Neural Hyperexcitability and Disease Progression in Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuron, 113(7); 1051–1064.e6
Chen, C., W. Dai, L. Zhang, D. Wang, X. Jiang, and M. Zhang (2022). Antioxidant Effects of Diarylheptanoids from Two Curcuma Species. Natural Product Research, 36(22); 5732–5739
Chen, Q., G. Chen, and Q. Wang (2025). Application of Network Pharmacology in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases with Traditional Chinese Medicine. Planta Medica, 91(5); 226–237
Chen, X., H. Li, L. Tian, Q. Li, J. Luo, and Y. Zhang (2020). Analysis of the Physicochemical Properties of Acaricides Based on Lipinski’s Rule of Five. Journal of Computational Biology, 27(9); 1397–1406
Dai, W., D. Wang, C. Chen, and M. Zhang (2023). Antioxidation Abilities of Sesquiterpenoids from Curcuma aromatica in Vitro. Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening, 26(1); 236–240
Dash, U. C., N. K. Bhol, S. K. Swain, R. R. Samal, P. K. Nayak, V. Raina, S. K. Panda, R. G. Kerry, A. K. Duttaroy, and A. B. Jena (2025). Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Neurological Disorders: Mechanisms and Implications. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, 15(1); 15–34
Divyashri, G., T. P. Krishna Murthy, S. Sundareshan, P. Kamath, M. Murahari, G. R. Saraswathy, and B. Sadanandan (2021). In Silico Approach Towards the Identification of Potential Inhibitors from Curcuma amada Roxb Against H. pylori: ADMET Screening and Molecular Docking Studies. BioImpacts, 11(2); 119–127
Durand, E., M. Laguerre, C. Bourlieu-Lacanal, J. Lecomte, and P. Villeneuve (2025). Navigating the Complexity of Lipid Oxidation and Antioxidation: A Review of Evaluation Methods and Emerging Approaches. Progress in Lipid Research, 97; 101317
Elhawary, E. A., A. Y. Moussa, and A. N. B. Singab (2024). Genus Curcuma: Chemical and Ethnopharmacological Role in Aging Process. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 24(1); 31
Essawy, A. E., E. M. Jimmiey, W. M. Abdel-Wahab, R. G. Ali, S. M. Eweda, and H. M. Abdou (2025). The Protective Efficacy of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Neurotransmitter Perturbations, and Apoptosis Induced by Monosodium Glutamate in the Brain of Male Rats. Metabolic Brain Disease, 40(1); 114
Fan, F., H. Liu, X. Shi, Y. Ai, Q. Liu, and Y. Cheng (2022). The Efficacy and Safety of Alzheimer’s Disease Therapies: An Updated Umbrella Review. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 85(3); 1195–1204
Gabr, M. T. and M. S. Abdel-Raziq (2018). Design and Synthesis of Donepezil Analogues as Dual AChE and BACE-1 Inhibitors. Bioorganic Chemistry, 80; 245–252
Genchi, G., G. Lauria, A. Catalano, A. Carocci, and M. S. Sinicropi (2024). Neuroprotective Effects of Curcumin in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Foods, 13(11); 1774
González-Granillo, A. E., D. Gnecco, A. Díaz, L. Garcés-Ramírez, F. de la Cruz, I. Juarez, J. C. Morales-Medina, and G. Flores (2022). Curcumin Induces Cortico-Hippocampal Neuronal Reshaping and Memory Improvements in Aged Mice. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy, 121; 102091
Gutiérrez-Del-Río, I., S. López-Ibáñez, P. Magadán-Corpas, L. Fernández-Calleja, Á. Pérez-Valero, M. Tuñón-Granda, E. M. Miguélez, C. J. Villar, and F. Lombó (2021). Terpenoids and Polyphenols as Natural Antioxidant Agents in Food Preservation. Antioxidants, 10(8); 1264
Han, Q., J. Zhu, and P. Zhang (2023). Mechanisms of Main Components in Curcuma longa L. on Hepatic Fibrosis Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking: A Review. Medicine, 102(29); e34353
Hasballah, K., M. Murniana, M. Marlina, B. Bakhtiar, D. K. Rusly, B. Ginting, T. Maidiani, S. Rahmazani, and D. D. Rampengan (2026). DPPH and Hep2 Cell Inhibitions by Ethyl Acetate Extract and Its Fractions from Indonesian Cassia siamea L. Stem Barks: In Vitro and Computational Prediction. Science and Technology Indonesia, 11(1); 235–251
Hussen, E. M. and S. A. Endalew (2023). In Vitro Antioxidant and Free-Radical Scavenging Activities of Polar Leaf Extracts of Vernonia amygdalina. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 23(1); 146
Jeon, M. T., S. A. Cogill, K. S. Kim, Y. Kim, H. Kim, C. Y. Lee, S. Kim, S. Son, J. Kim, J. Lee, I. Park, M. Cheon, and D. G. Kim (2025). TNF-α-NF-κB Activation Through Pathological α-Synuclein Disrupts the BBB and Exacerbates Axonopathy. Cell Reports, 44(7); 116001
John, E., B. Mishra, A. S. Tripathi, and R. Aleesha (2022). Protective Effect of Celastrus paniculatus on Cognitive Function in Glutamate-Induced Brain-Injured Mice by Reducing Intracellular Calcium Influx. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 82(4); 331–338
Kh, A. E. A. K., S. Qadeer, S. A. Gabr, A. M. Shehabeldin, A. E. B. Ghodaia, S. Latif, and A. U. Husna (2025). Molecular Docking of Nano-Curcumin to Caspase-3 and Caspase-9: Unraveling Its Cryoprotective Mechanism in Rabbit Sperm Extenders. Reproductive Biology, 25(4); 101071
Khairudin, N. Y. M., A. Mohd Azraai, R. Siran, and N. Azme (2025). Therapeutic Mechanisms of Genistein in Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review of In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. PLoS One, 20(12); e0338590
Khalil, R. M. and N. F. Khedr (2016). Curcumin Protects Against Monosodium Glutamate Neurotoxicity and Decreases NMDA2B and mGluR5 Expression in Rat Hippocampus. Neuro-Signals, 24; 81–87
Kleinrichert, K. and B. Alappat (2019). Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant and Anti-Amyloidogenic Properties of Various Polyphenol-Rich Phytoceutical Extracts. Antioxidants, 8(1); 13
Kumar, P., A. Singh, A. Kumar, R. Kumar, R. Pal, A. K. Sachan, R. K. Dixit, and R. Nath (2023). Effect of Curcumin and Coenzyme Q10 Alone and in Combination on Learning and Memory in an Animal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines, 11(5); 1422
Lamichhane, G., J. Liu, S. J. Lee, D. Y. Lee, G. Zhang, and Y. Kim (2024). Curcumin Mitigates High-Fat High-Sugar Diet-Induced Impairment of Spatial Memory, Hepatic Metabolism, and Gut Microbiome Alteration in Alzheimer’s Disease Mice. Nutrients, 16(2); 240
Mahmoudi, T., Z. Lorigooini, M. Rafieian-Kopaei, M. Arabi, Z. Rabiei, E. Bijad, and S. Kazemi (2020). Effect of Curcuma zedoaria Hydro-Alcoholic Extract on Learning, Memory Deficits, and Oxidative Damage Following Induced Seizures. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 16(1); 7
Manayi, A., S. M. Nabavi, M. Daglia, and S. Jafari (2016). Natural Terpenoids as a Promising Source for Modulation of GABAergic System and Treatment of Neurological Diseases. Pharmacological Reports, 68(4); 671–679
Mehla, J., P. Gupta, M. Pahuja, D. Diwan, and D. Diksha (2020). Indian Medicinal Herbs and Formulations for Alzheimer’s Disease: from Traditional Knowledge to Scientific Assessment. Brain Sciences, 10(12); 964
Mishra, R. and A. Upadhyay (2025). An Update on Mammalian and Non-Mammalian Animal Models for Biomarker Development in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 82(1); 147
Mohandas, G. G. and M. Kumaraswamy (2018). Antioxidant Activities of Terpenoids from Thuidium tamariscellum. Pharmacognosy Journal, 10(4); 645–649
Nurcholis, W., N. Khumaida, M. Syukur, and M. Bintang (2017). Evaluation of Free Radical Scavenging Activity in Ethanolic Extract from Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. Molekul, 12(2); 133–138
Oh, K. N., D. R. Oh, Y. Kim, and S. Kim (2025). Protective Effects of Curcuma longa on Corticosterone-Induced Neurotoxicity and Depression-Like Behavior. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 35; e2506005
Oh-Hashi, K., T. Hasegawa, Y. Mizutani, K. Takahashi, and Y. Hirata (2021). Elucidation of Brefeldin A-Induced ER and Golgi Stress Responses in Neuro2a Cells. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 476(10); 3869–3877
Oliveira, M. T. A., M. V. O. B. de Alencar, V. P. A. Landim, G. M. M. Moura, J. I. O. da Cruz, E. A. dos Santos, H. D. M. Coutinho, J. C. Andrade, I. R. A. de Menezes, P. R. V. Ribeiro, E. S. de Brito, E. O. de Sousa, and A. F. Uchoa (2020). UPLC-MS-QTOF Analysis and Antifungal Activity of Cumaru (Amburana cearensis). 3 Biotech, 10(12); 545
Passeri, E., K. Elkhoury, M. Morsink, K. Broersen, M. Linder, A. Tamayol, C. Malaplate, F. T. Yen, and E. Arab-Tehrany (2022). Alzheimer’s Disease: Treatment Strategies and Their Limitations. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(22); 13954
Perez, A., H. A. Martinez-Correa, F. Parada-Alfonso, Z. J. Suárez Montenegro, D. Ballesteros-Vivas, G. Álvarez-Rivera, A. Cifuentes, and E. Ibáñez (2025). Antioxidant, Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Curcuma longa Extracts: From Green Extraction to Nanoemulsion. Frontiers in Nutrition, 12; 1619725
Petrovsky, I., P. Santoso, and M. S. Fadil (2026). In Silico Insights into Bioactive Compounds of Wild Sumatran Turmeric (Curcuma sumatrana, Zingiberaceae) as Potent Antioxidant Candidates. Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi, 19(1); 163–176
Pluta, R., L. Ouyang, S. Januszewski, Y. Li, and S. J. Czuczwar (2021). Participation of Amyloid and Tau Protein in Post-Ischemic Neurodegeneration of the Hippocampus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(5); 2460
Pomalango, Z. B., M. A. Paneo, N. Pakaya, L. O. Aman, and A. H. Hutuba (2025). Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Turmeric Effervescent Dosage in Preventing Atherosclerosis. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(2); 482–492
Qi, Y., J. Zhang, Y. Zhang, H. Zhu, J. Wang, X. Xu, S. Jin, C. Wang, F. Zhang, M. Zhao, Z. Wu, H. Zhu, and P. Yan (2025). Curcuma wenyujin Extract Alleviates Cognitive Deficits and Restrains Pyroptosis Through PINK1/Parkin-Mediated Autophagy. Phytomedicine, 139; 156482
Rahman, A. T., A. Jethro, P. Santoso, V. D. Kharisma, and A. A. Murtadlo (2022). In Silico Study of Endemic Sumatra Wild Turmeric (Curcuma sumatrana) as Anti-Cancer. Pharmacognosy Journal, 14(6); 806–812
Ramírez, D. and J. Caballero (2018). Reliability of Molecular Docking Scoring without Structural Validation. Molecules, 23(5); 1038
Rumpf, J., R. Burger, and M. Schulze (2023). Statistical Evaluation of DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and Folin-Ciocalteu Assays to Assess the Antioxidant Capacity of Lignins. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 233; 123470
Sabir, S. M., A. Zeb, M. Mahmood, S. R. Abbas, Z. Ahmad, and N. Iqbal (2021). Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Curcuma longa Rhizome. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 81(3); 737–740
Santoso, P., S. Ilyas, Y. H. Midoen, R. Maliza, and D. F. Belahusna (2024). Predictive Bioactivity of Vitis gracilis Leaf Extract Against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 14(4); 99–114
Santoso, P., A. S. Simatupang, A. Fajria, R. Rahayu, and R. Jannatan (2023). Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) Extract Attenuates Hyperglycemia and Neurological Dysfunction. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 10(4); 608–619
Sarkar, B., N. Rana, C. Singh, and A. Singh (2024). Medicinal Herbal Remedies in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Antioxidant Potential Update. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology, 397(8); 5483–5511
Satir, T. M., L. Agholme, A. Karlsson, M. Karlsson, P. Karila, S. Illes, P. Bergström, and H. Zetterberg (2020). Partial Reduction of Amyloid β Production by β-Secretase Inhibitors Does Not Decrease Synaptic Transmission. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 12(1); 63
Sato, K., T. Mano, A. Iwata, and T. Toda (2021). Safety of Memantine in Combination with Potentially Interactive Drugs in the Real World: A Pharmacovigilance Study Using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) Database. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 82(3); 1333–1344
Senobari, Z. S., H. M. Masoumian, M. B. Teimouri, A. H. Rezayan, S. Samarghandian, and A. Hekmat (2023). Chromone-Based Inhibitors Against SARS-CoV-2: Docking and MD Simulation Study. BMC Research Notes, 16(1); 224
Sethiya, N. K., N. Ghiloria, A. Srivastav, D. Bisht, S. K. Chaudhary, V. Walia, and M. S. Alam (2024). Therapeutic Potential of Myricetin in Neurological Disorders. CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets, 23(7); 865–882
Shahrajabian, M. H. and W. Sun (2024). Turmeric and Curcuminoids: Pharmacological Benefits. Current Organic Synthesis, 21(5); 665–683
Shakira and M. Maulina (2025). Exploration of Moringa oleifera and Curcuma longa Compounds as Multi-Target Agents for Alzheimer’s Disease. Scripta Score Scientific Medical Journal, 7(1); 26–35
Khairudin, N. Y. M., A. Mohd Azraai, R. Siran, and N. Azme (2025). Therapeutic Mechanisms of Genistein in Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review of In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. PLoS One, 20(12); e0338590.
Khalil, R. M. and N. F. Khedr (2016). Curcumin Protects Against Monosodium Glutamate Neurotoxicity and Decreases NMDA2B and mGluR5 Expression in Rat Hippocampus. Neuro-Signals, 24; 81–87.
Kleinrichert, K. and B. Alappat (2019). Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant and Anti-Amyloidogenic Properties of Various Polyphenol-Rich Phytoceutical Extracts. Antioxidants, 8(1); 13.
Kumar, P., A. Singh, A. Kumar, R. Kumar, R. Pal, A. K. Sachan, R. K. Dixit, and R. Nath (2023). Effect of Curcumin and Coenzyme Q10 Alone and in Combination on Learning and Memory in an Animal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines, 11(5); 1422.
Lamichhane, G., J. Liu, S. J. Lee, D. Y. Lee, G. Zhang, and Y. Kim (2024). Curcumin Mitigates High-Fat High-Sugar Diet-Induced Impairment of Spatial Memory, Hepatic Metabolism, and Gut Microbiome Alteration in Alzheimer’s Disease Mice. Nutrients, 16(2); 240.
Mahmoudi, T., Z. Lorigooini, M. Rafieian-Kopaei, M. Arabi, Z. Rabiei, E. Bijad, and S. Kazemi (2020). Effect of Curcuma zedoaria Hydro-Alcoholic Extract on Learning, Memory Deficits, and Oxidative Damage Following Induced Seizures. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 16(1); 7.
Manayi, A., S. M. Nabavi, M. Daglia, and S. Jafari (2016). Natural Terpenoids as a Promising Source for Modulation of GABAergic System and Treatment of Neurological Diseases. Pharmacological Reports, 68(4); 671–679.
Mehla, J., P. Gupta, M. Pahuja, D. Diwan, and D. Diksha (2020). Indian Medicinal Herbs and Formulations for Alzheimer’s Disease: From Traditional Knowledge to Scientific Assessment. Brain Sciences, 10(12); 964.
Mishra, R. and A. Upadhyay (2025). An Update on Mammalian and Non-Mammalian Animal Models for Biomarker Development in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 82(1); 147.
Mohandas, G. G. and M. Kumaraswamy (2018). Antioxidant Activities of Terpenoids from Thuidium tamariscellum. Pharmacognosy Journal, 10(4); 645–649.
Nurcholis, W., N. Khumaida, M. Syukur, and M. Bintang (2017). Evaluation of Free Radical Scavenging Activity in Ethanolic Extract from Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. Molekul, 12(2); 133–138.
Oh, K. N., D. R. Oh, Y. Kim, and S. Kim (2025). Protective Effects of Curcuma longa on Corticosterone-Induced Neurotoxicity and Depression-Like Behavior. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 35; e2506005.
Oh-Hashi, K., T. Hasegawa, Y. Mizutani, K. Takahashi, and Y. Hirata (2021). Elucidation of Brefeldin A-Induced ER and Golgi Stress Responses in Neuro2a Cells. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 476(10); 3869–3877.
Oliveira, M. T. A., M. V. O. B. de Alencar, V. P. A. Landim, G. M. M. Moura, J. I. O. da Cruz, E. A. dos Santos, H. D. M. Coutinho, J. C. Andrade, I. R. A. de Menezes, P. R. V. Ribeiro, E. S. de Brito, E. O. de Sousa, and A. F. Uchoa (2020). UPLC-MS-QTOF Analysis and Antifungal Activity of Cumaru (Amburana cearensis). 3 Biotech, 10(12); 545.
Passeri, E., K. Elkhoury, M. Morsink, K. Broersen, M. Linder, A. Tamayol, C. Malaplate, F. T. Yen, and E. Arab-Tehrany (2022). Alzheimer’s Disease: Treatment Strategies and Their Limitations. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(22); 13954.
Perez, A., H. A. Martinez-Correa, F. Parada-Alfonso, Z. J. Suárez Montenegro, D. Ballesteros-Vivas, G. Álvarez-Rivera, A. Cifuentes, and E. Ibáñez (2025). Antioxidant, Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Curcuma longa Extracts: From Green Extraction to Nanoemulsion. Frontiers in Nutrition, 12; 1619725.
Petrovsky, I., P. Santoso, and M. S. Fadil (2026). In Silico Insights into Bioactive Compounds of Wild Sumatran Turmeric (Curcuma sumatrana, Zingiberaceae) as Potent Antioxidant Candidates. Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi, 19(1); 163–176.
Pluta, R., L. Ouyang, S. Januszewski, Y. Li, and S. J. Czuczwar (2021). Participation of Amyloid and Tau Protein in Post-Ischemic Neurodegeneration of the Hippocampus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(5); 2460.
Pomalango, Z. B., M. A. Paneo, N. Pakaya, L. O. Aman, and A. H. Hutuba (2025). Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Turmeric Effervescent Dosage in Preventing Atherosclerosis. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(2); 482–492.
Qi, Y., J. Zhang, Y. Zhang, H. Zhu, J. Wang, X. Xu, S. Jin, C. Wang, F. Zhang, M. Zhao, Z. Wu, H. Zhu, and P. Yan (2025). Curcuma wenyujin Extract Alleviates Cognitive Deficits and Restrains Pyroptosis Through PINK1/Parkin-Mediated Autophagy. Phytomedicine, 139; 156482.
Rahman, A. T., A. Jethro, P. Santoso, V. D. Kharisma, and A. A. Murtadlo (2022). In Silico Study of Endemic Sumatra Wild Turmeric (Curcuma sumatrana) as Anti-Cancer. Pharmacognosy Journal, 14(6); 806–812.
Ramírez, D. and J. Caballero (2018). Reliability of Molecular Docking Scoring Without Structural Validation. Molecules, 23(5); 1038.
Rumpf, J., R. Burger, and M. Schulze (2023). Statistical Evaluation of DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and Folin-Ciocalteu Assays to Assess the Antioxidant Capacity of Lignins. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 233; 123470.
Sabir, S. M., A. Zeb, M. Mahmood, S. R. Abbas, Z. Ahmad, and N. Iqbal (2021). Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Curcuma longa Rhizome. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 81(3); 737–740.
Santoso, P., S. Ilyas, Y. H. Midoen, R. Maliza, and D. F. Belahusna (2024). Predictive Bioactivity of Vitis gracilis Leaf Extract Against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 14(4); 99–114.
Santoso, P., A. S. Simatupang, A. Fajria, R. Rahayu, and R. Jannatan (2023). Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) Extract Attenuates Hyperglycemia and Neurological Dysfunction. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 10(4); 608–619.
Sarkar, B., N. Rana, C. Singh, and A. Singh (2024). Medicinal Herbal Remedies in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Antioxidant Potential Update. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology, 397(8); 5483–5511.
Satir, T. M., L. Agholme, A. Karlsson, M. Karlsson, P. Karila, S. Illes, P. Bergström, and H. Zetterberg (2020). Partial Reduction of Amyloid β Production by β-Secretase Inhibitors Does Not Decrease Synaptic Transmission. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 12(1); 63.
Sato, K., T. Mano, A. Iwata, and T. Toda (2021). Safety of Memantine in Combination with Potentially Interactive Drugs in the Real World: A Pharmacovigilance Study Using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) Database. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 82(3); 1333–1344.
Senobari, Z. S., H. M. Masoumian, M. B. Teimouri, A. H. Rezayan, S. Samarghandian, and A. Hekmat (2023). Chromone-Based Inhibitors Against SARS-CoV-2: Docking and MD Simulation Study. BMC Research Notes, 16(1); 224.
Sethiya, N. K., N. Ghiloria, A. Srivastav, D. Bisht, S. K. Chaudhary, V. Walia, and M. S. Alam (2024). Therapeutic Potential of Myricetin in Neurological Disorders. CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets, 23(7); 865–882.
Shahrajabian, M. H. and W. Sun (2024). Turmeric and Curcuminoids: Pharmacological Benefits. Current Organic Synthesis, 21(5); 665–683.
Shakira and M. Maulina (2025). Exploration of Moringa oleifera and Curcuma longa Compounds as Multi-Target Agents for Alzheimer’s Disease. Scripta Score Scientific Medical Journal, 7(1); 26–35.
Shi, J., Y. E. Kim, N. J. DeRuiter, P. Kadav, and M. Tessier-Lavigne (2026). Caspase-3 Cleaves and Activates the NADase SARM1 to Promote Apoptosis, Linking Two Cell Death Mechanisms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 123(4); e2528118123.
Shofia, V., A. B. Anggraeni, and H. Nurlaila (2024). Antioxidant Activity of Curcumin Extract from Curcuma zedoaria and Curcuma longa. Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy, 1(3); 108–112.
Shrestha, A., R. Marahatha, S. Basnet, B. P. Regmi, S. Katuwal, S. R. Dahal, K. R. Sharma, A. Adhikari, R. C. Basnyat, and N. Parajuli (2022). Flavonoids as SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitors: Docking and Dynamics Simulation. Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022; 3742318.
Singh, A., U. Soni, P. K. Varadwaj, K. Misra, and S. I. Rizvi (2025). Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Curcumin in Accelerated Senescence Model. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 43(3); 1459–1470.
Söderberg, L., M. Johannesson, P. Nygren, H. Laudon, F. Eriksson, G. Osswald, C. Möller, and L. Lannfelt (2023). Lecanemab, Aducanumab, and Gantenerumab—Binding Profiles to Different Forms of Amyloid-Beta Might Explain Efficacy and Side Effects in Clinical Trials for Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurotherapeutics, 20(1); 195–206.
Sohrab, S., P. Mishra, V. Dwivedi, P. Veis, A. K. Pathak, and S. K. Mishra (2024). Elemental and Metabolic Profiling of Zingiberaceae Using FT-IR and LIBS. Heliyon, 10(13); e33395.
Spiegel, M., K. Kapusta, W. Kołodziejczyk, J. Saloni, B. Żbikowska, G. A. Hill, and Z. Sroka (2020). Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Acids and QSAR Analysis. Molecules, 25(13); 3088.
Sudhishma, S., S. D. Acharya, S. D. Ullal, V. Blossom, A. Parida, and N. Noushida (2021). Levetiracetam Exposure Induces Cognitive Decline Not Fully Prevented by Bacopa monnieri. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 19(4); 897–903.
Sui, X., J. Wang, Z. Zhao, B. Liu, M. Liu, M. Liu, C. Shi, X. Feng, Y. Fu, D. Shi, S. Li, Q. Qi, M. Xian, and G. Zhao (2024). Phenolic Compounds Induce Ferroptosis-Like Death via Hydroxyl Radical Generation. Communications Biology, 7(1); 199.
Syafira, F., Nurainas, and Syamsuardi (2024). New Record and Spatial Distribution of Curcuma sumatrana in Sumatra. Biodiversitas, 25; 4127–4138.
Syukur, M., M. S. Prahasiwi, Nurkhasanah, S. Yuliani, Y. Purwaningsih, and E. Indriyanti (2023). Profiling of Active Compounds of Ethanol Extract, n-Hexane Extract, Ethyl Acetate Extract and Ethanol Fraction of Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.) and Determination of Total Flavonoids, Total Phenolics and Their Potential as Antioxidants. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8(2); 219–226.
Thanuma, J., J. Phetcharaburanin, H. Dokduang, W. Loilome, P. Klanrit, A. Wangwiwatsin, and N. Namwat (2025). Metabolomic Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) Extracts. PeerJ, 13; e19567.
Wang, S., Y. Jiang, A. Yang, F. Meng, and J. Zhang (2024). Expanding Burden of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Aging and Disease.
Wang, Y., H. Zhang, J. Wang, M. Yu, Q. Zhang, S. Yan, D. You, L. Shi, L. Zhang, L. Wang, H. Wu, and X. Cao (2021). Aconiti lateralis Radix Praeparata Inhibits Alzheimer’s Disease via GRIN1 and MAPK1. Pharmaceutical Biology, 59(1); 311–320.
Wihadmadyatami, H., M. A. Zulfikar, H. Herawati, S. Karnati, G. R. Saragih, D. Aliffia, D. A. O. A. Pratama, N. Handayani, U. Kustiati, D. R. Tirtosari, and Y. Tjahjono (2025). Neuroprotection of Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium in Alzheimer’s Disease Model. Open Veterinary Journal, 15(1); 151–161.
Wójcik, P., M. K. Jastrzębski, A. Zięba, D. Matosiuk, and A. A. Kaczor (2024). Caspases in Alzheimer’s Disease: Activation and Therapeutic Potential. Molecular Neurobiology, 61(7); 4834–4853.
Wu, H., Z. Liu, Y. Zhang, B. Gao, Y. Li, X. He, J. Sun, U. Choe, P. Chen, R. A. Blaustein, and L. Yu (2024). Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Turmeric Ethanol Extract. Foods, 13(10); 1550.
Wu, X., Z. Yang, J. Zou, H. Gao, Z. Shao, C. Li, and P. Lei (2025). Protein Kinases in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Current Understandings and Implications for Drug Discovery. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 10(1); 146.
Yan, J., H. Ma, X. Lai, J. Wu, A. Liu, J. Huang, W. Sun, M. Shen, and Y. Zhang (2021). Artemisinin Attenuated Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis by Inhibiting Autophagy in MPP+-Treated SH-SY5Y Cells. Journal of Biological Research (Thessaloniki), 28(1); 6.
Yuhendri, R., Nurainas, T. Maideliza, L. Meriko, Alponsin, and I. R. A. Wahab (2024). Anatomy and Powder Microscopy of Curcuma sumatrana. Biodiversitas, 25; 900–908.
Zhang, Q., Y. Xu, Y. Sun, H. Dong, D. Sun, H. Li, and L. Chen (2024). Terpenoids from Curcuma kwangsiensis and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activities. Fitoterapia, 178; 106137.
Zhang, X., J. Xu, Y. Fan, G. Shi, B. Chen, A. Wang, Y. Zhu, L. Li, H. Jia, D. Gheyret, J. Wang, Y. Cao, S. Li, X. Chen, J. Zhang, and S. Zhang (2025). Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Aggravate Neuronal Apoptosis After Traumatic Brain Injury. Theranostics, 15(15); 7327–7345.
Alam, A., M. A. Hosen, A. Hosen, Y. Fujii, Y. Ozeki, and S. M. Abe Kawsar (2021). Synthesis, Characterization, and Molecular Docking Against a Receptor Protein FimH of Escherichia coli (4XO8) of Thymidine Derivatives. Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society, 65(2); 256–276
Alamsjah, F., A. Agustien, and T. Alam (2023). Antibacterial Activity of Curcuma sumatrana Miq. Rhizome Extract, an Endemic Plant of West Sumatra, Against Gram-Positive Bacteria. Bioscientist Journal, 9(1); 63–71
Albaqami, J. J., H. Hamdi, A. Narayanankutty, N. U. Visakh, A. Sasidharan, A. M. Kuttithodi, A. C. Famurewa, and B. Pathrose (2022). Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of the Leaf Essential Oils of Curcuma longa, Curcuma aromatica, and Curcuma angustifolia. Antibiotics, 11(11); 1547
Altahrawi, A. Y., A. W. James, and Z. A. Shah (2025). The Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Vascular Dementia. Cells, 14(8); 609
Andronie-Cioara, F. L., A. I. Ardelean, C. D. NistorCseppento, A. Jurcau, M. C. Jurcau, N. Pascalau, and F. Marcu (2023). Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroinflammation in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Progression. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(3); 1869
Arafat, M. T., H. R. Ghaiad, and E. M. Elbaz (2025). Genistein Exerts Neuroprotective Effects in an Ouabain-Induced Model of Bipolar Disorder: Behavioral and Molecular Insights. Neurochemical Research, 51(1); 10
Assiry, A. A., N. Ahmed, A. Almuaddi, A. Saif, M. A. Alshahrani, R. N. Mohamed, and M. I. Karobari (2023). The Antioxidant Activity, Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Zingiber zerumbet and Antimicrobial Efficacy Against Selective Endodontic Bacteria. Food Science & Nutrition, 11(8); 4853–4860
Banji, D., O. J. F. Banji, and K. Srinivas (2021). Neuroprotective Effect of Turmeric Extract in Combination with Its Essential Oil and Enhanced Brain Bioavailability in an Animal Model. BioMed Research International, 2021; 6645720
Bartolić, M. and A. Bosak (2025). BACE1: Biological Functions and Involvement in the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurological Disorders. BioFactors, 51(6); e70071
Bi, D., H. Bao, X. Yang, Z. Wu, X. Yang, G. Xu, X. Liu, Z. Wan, J. Liu, J. He, L. Wen, Y. Jing, R. Zhu, Z. Long, Y. Rong, D. Wang, X. Wang, W. Xiong, G. Huang, F. Gao, and Y. Shen (2025). BACE1-Dependent Cleavage of GABAA Receptor Contributes to Neural Hyperexcitability and Disease Progression in Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuron, 113(7); 1051–1064.e6
Chen, C., W. Dai, L. Zhang, D. Wang, X. Jiang, and M. Zhang (2022). Antioxidant Effects of Diarylheptanoids from Two Curcuma Species. Natural Product Research, 36(22); 5732–5739
Chen, Q., G. Chen, and Q. Wang (2025). Application of Network Pharmacology in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases with Traditional Chinese Medicine. Planta Medica, 91(5); 226–237
Chen, X., H. Li, L. Tian, Q. Li, J. Luo, and Y. Zhang (2020). Analysis of the Physicochemical Properties of Acaricides Based on Lipinski’s Rule of Five. Journal of Computational Biology, 27(9); 1397–1406
Dai, W., D. Wang, C. Chen, and M. Zhang (2023). Antioxidation Abilities of Sesquiterpenoids from Curcuma aromatica in Vitro. Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening, 26(1); 236–240
Dash, U. C., N. K. Bhol, S. K. Swain, R. R. Samal, P. K. Nayak, V. Raina, S. K. Panda, R. G. Kerry, A. K. Duttaroy, and A. B. Jena (2025). Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Neurological Disorders: Mechanisms and Implications. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, 15(1); 15–34
Divyashri, G., T. P. Krishna Murthy, S. Sundareshan, P. Kamath, M. Murahari, G. R. Saraswathy, and B. Sadanandan (2021). In Silico Approach Towards the Identification of Potential Inhibitors from Curcuma amada Roxb Against H. pylori: ADMET Screening and Molecular Docking Studies. BioImpacts, 11(2); 119–127
Durand, E., M. Laguerre, C. Bourlieu-Lacanal, J. Lecomte, and P. Villeneuve (2025). Navigating the Complexity of Lipid Oxidation and Antioxidation: A Review of Evaluation Methods and Emerging Approaches. Progress in Lipid Research, 97; 101317
Elhawary, E. A., A. Y. Moussa, and A. N. B. Singab (2024). Genus Curcuma: Chemical and Ethnopharmacological Role in Aging Process. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 24(1); 31
Essawy, A. E., E. M. Jimmiey, W. M. Abdel-Wahab, R. G. Ali, S. M. Eweda, and H. M. Abdou (2025). The Protective Efficacy of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Neurotransmitter Perturbations, and Apoptosis Induced by Monosodium Glutamate in the Brain of Male Rats. Metabolic Brain Disease, 40(1); 114
Fan, F., H. Liu, X. Shi, Y. Ai, Q. Liu, and Y. Cheng (2022). The Efficacy and Safety of Alzheimer’s Disease Therapies: An Updated Umbrella Review. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 85(3); 1195–1204
Gabr, M. T. and M. S. Abdel-Raziq (2018). Design and Synthesis of Donepezil Analogues as Dual AChE and BACE-1 Inhibitors. Bioorganic Chemistry, 80; 245–252
Genchi, G., G. Lauria, A. Catalano, A. Carocci, and M. S. Sinicropi (2024). Neuroprotective Effects of Curcumin in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Foods, 13(11); 1774
González-Granillo, A. E., D. Gnecco, A. Díaz, L. Garcés-Ramírez, F. de la Cruz, I. Juarez, J. C. Morales-Medina, and G. Flores (2022). Curcumin Induces Cortico-Hippocampal Neuronal Reshaping and Memory Improvements in Aged Mice. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy, 121; 102091
Gutiérrez-Del-Río, I., S. López-Ibáñez, P. Magadán-Corpas, L. Fernández-Calleja, Á. Pérez-Valero, M. Tuñón-Granda, E. M. Miguélez, C. J. Villar, and F. Lombó (2021). Terpenoids and Polyphenols as Natural Antioxidant Agents in Food Preservation. Antioxidants, 10(8); 1264
Han, Q., J. Zhu, and P. Zhang (2023). Mechanisms of Main Components in Curcuma longa L. on Hepatic Fibrosis Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking: A Review. Medicine, 102(29); e34353
Hasballah, K., M. Murniana, M. Marlina, B. Bakhtiar, D. K. Rusly, B. Ginting, T. Maidiani, S. Rahmazani, and D. D. Rampengan (2026). DPPH and Hep2 Cell Inhibitions by Ethyl Acetate Extract and Its Fractions from Indonesian Cassia siamea L. Stem Barks: In Vitro and Computational Prediction. Science and Technology Indonesia, 11(1); 235–251
Hussen, E. M. and S. A. Endalew (2023). In Vitro Antioxidant and Free-Radical Scavenging Activities of Polar Leaf Extracts of Vernonia amygdalina. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 23(1); 146
Jeon, M. T., S. A. Cogill, K. S. Kim, Y. Kim, H. Kim, C. Y. Lee, S. Kim, S. Son, J. Kim, J. Lee, I. Park, M. Cheon, and D. G. Kim (2025). TNF-α-NF-κB Activation Through Pathological α-Synuclein Disrupts the BBB and Exacerbates Axonopathy. Cell Reports, 44(7); 116001
John, E., B. Mishra, A. S. Tripathi, and R. Aleesha (2022). Protective Effect of Celastrus paniculatus on Cognitive Function in Glutamate-Induced Brain-Injured Mice by Reducing Intracellular Calcium Influx. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 82(4); 331–338
Kh, A. E. A. K., S. Qadeer, S. A. Gabr, A. M. Shehabeldin, A. E. B. Ghodaia, S. Latif, and A. U. Husna (2025). Molecular Docking of Nano-Curcumin to Caspase-3 and Caspase-9: Unraveling Its Cryoprotective Mechanism in Rabbit Sperm Extenders. Reproductive Biology, 25(4); 101071
Khairudin, N. Y. M., A. Mohd Azraai, R. Siran, and N. Azme (2025). Therapeutic Mechanisms of Genistein in Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review of In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. PLoS One, 20(12); e0338590
Khalil, R. M. and N. F. Khedr (2016). Curcumin Protects Against Monosodium Glutamate Neurotoxicity and Decreases NMDA2B and mGluR5 Expression in Rat Hippocampus. Neuro-Signals, 24; 81–87
Kleinrichert, K. and B. Alappat (2019). Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant and Anti-Amyloidogenic Properties of Various Polyphenol-Rich Phytoceutical Extracts. Antioxidants, 8(1); 13
Kumar, P., A. Singh, A. Kumar, R. Kumar, R. Pal, A. K. Sachan, R. K. Dixit, and R. Nath (2023). Effect of Curcumin and Coenzyme Q10 Alone and in Combination on Learning and Memory in an Animal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines, 11(5); 1422
Lamichhane, G., J. Liu, S. J. Lee, D. Y. Lee, G. Zhang, and Y. Kim (2024). Curcumin Mitigates High-Fat High-Sugar Diet-Induced Impairment of Spatial Memory, Hepatic Metabolism, and Gut Microbiome Alteration in Alzheimer’s Disease Mice. Nutrients, 16(2); 240
Mahmoudi, T., Z. Lorigooini, M. Rafieian-Kopaei, M. Arabi, Z. Rabiei, E. Bijad, and S. Kazemi (2020). Effect of Curcuma zedoaria Hydro-Alcoholic Extract on Learning, Memory Deficits, and Oxidative Damage Following Induced Seizures. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 16(1); 7
Manayi, A., S. M. Nabavi, M. Daglia, and S. Jafari (2016). Natural Terpenoids as a Promising Source for Modulation of GABAergic System and Treatment of Neurological Diseases. Pharmacological Reports, 68(4); 671–679
Mehla, J., P. Gupta, M. Pahuja, D. Diwan, and D. Diksha (2020). Indian Medicinal Herbs and Formulations for Alzheimer’s Disease: from Traditional Knowledge to Scientific Assessment. Brain Sciences, 10(12); 964
Mishra, R. and A. Upadhyay (2025). An Update on Mammalian and Non-Mammalian Animal Models for Biomarker Development in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 82(1); 147
Mohandas, G. G. and M. Kumaraswamy (2018). Antioxidant Activities of Terpenoids from Thuidium tamariscellum. Pharmacognosy Journal, 10(4); 645–649
Nurcholis, W., N. Khumaida, M. Syukur, and M. Bintang (2017). Evaluation of Free Radical Scavenging Activity in Ethanolic Extract from Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. Molekul, 12(2); 133–138
Oh, K. N., D. R. Oh, Y. Kim, and S. Kim (2025). Protective Effects of Curcuma longa on Corticosterone-Induced Neurotoxicity and Depression-Like Behavior. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 35; e2506005
Oh-Hashi, K., T. Hasegawa, Y. Mizutani, K. Takahashi, and Y. Hirata (2021). Elucidation of Brefeldin A-Induced ER and Golgi Stress Responses in Neuro2a Cells. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 476(10); 3869–3877
Oliveira, M. T. A., M. V. O. B. de Alencar, V. P. A. Landim, G. M. M. Moura, J. I. O. da Cruz, E. A. dos Santos, H. D. M. Coutinho, J. C. Andrade, I. R. A. de Menezes, P. R. V. Ribeiro, E. S. de Brito, E. O. de Sousa, and A. F. Uchoa (2020). UPLC-MS-QTOF Analysis and Antifungal Activity of Cumaru (Amburana cearensis). 3 Biotech, 10(12); 545
Passeri, E., K. Elkhoury, M. Morsink, K. Broersen, M. Linder, A. Tamayol, C. Malaplate, F. T. Yen, and E. Arab-Tehrany (2022). Alzheimer’s Disease: Treatment Strategies and Their Limitations. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(22); 13954
Perez, A., H. A. Martinez-Correa, F. Parada-Alfonso, Z. J. Suárez Montenegro, D. Ballesteros-Vivas, G. Álvarez-Rivera, A. Cifuentes, and E. Ibáñez (2025). Antioxidant, Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Curcuma longa Extracts: From Green Extraction to Nanoemulsion. Frontiers in Nutrition, 12; 1619725
Petrovsky, I., P. Santoso, and M. S. Fadil (2026). In Silico Insights into Bioactive Compounds of Wild Sumatran Turmeric (Curcuma sumatrana, Zingiberaceae) as Potent Antioxidant Candidates. Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi, 19(1); 163–176
Pluta, R., L. Ouyang, S. Januszewski, Y. Li, and S. J. Czuczwar (2021). Participation of Amyloid and Tau Protein in Post-Ischemic Neurodegeneration of the Hippocampus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(5); 2460
Pomalango, Z. B., M. A. Paneo, N. Pakaya, L. O. Aman, and A. H. Hutuba (2025). Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Turmeric Effervescent Dosage in Preventing Atherosclerosis. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(2); 482–492
Qi, Y., J. Zhang, Y. Zhang, H. Zhu, J. Wang, X. Xu, S. Jin, C. Wang, F. Zhang, M. Zhao, Z. Wu, H. Zhu, and P. Yan (2025). Curcuma wenyujin Extract Alleviates Cognitive Deficits and Restrains Pyroptosis Through PINK1/Parkin-Mediated Autophagy. Phytomedicine, 139; 156482
Rahman, A. T., A. Jethro, P. Santoso, V. D. Kharisma, and A. A. Murtadlo (2022). In Silico Study of Endemic Sumatra Wild Turmeric (Curcuma sumatrana) as Anti-Cancer. Pharmacognosy Journal, 14(6); 806–812
Ramírez, D. and J. Caballero (2018). Reliability of Molecular Docking Scoring without Structural Validation. Molecules, 23(5); 1038
Rumpf, J., R. Burger, and M. Schulze (2023). Statistical Evaluation of DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and Folin-Ciocalteu Assays to Assess the Antioxidant Capacity of Lignins. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 233; 123470
Sabir, S. M., A. Zeb, M. Mahmood, S. R. Abbas, Z. Ahmad, and N. Iqbal (2021). Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Curcuma longa Rhizome. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 81(3); 737–740
Santoso, P., S. Ilyas, Y. H. Midoen, R. Maliza, and D. F. Belahusna (2024). Predictive Bioactivity of Vitis gracilis Leaf Extract Against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 14(4); 99–114
Santoso, P., A. S. Simatupang, A. Fajria, R. Rahayu, and R. Jannatan (2023). Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) Extract Attenuates Hyperglycemia and Neurological Dysfunction. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 10(4); 608–619
Sarkar, B., N. Rana, C. Singh, and A. Singh (2024). Medicinal Herbal Remedies in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Antioxidant Potential Update. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology, 397(8); 5483–5511
Satir, T. M., L. Agholme, A. Karlsson, M. Karlsson, P. Karila, S. Illes, P. Bergström, and H. Zetterberg (2020). Partial Reduction of Amyloid β Production by β-Secretase Inhibitors Does Not Decrease Synaptic Transmission. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 12(1); 63
Sato, K., T. Mano, A. Iwata, and T. Toda (2021). Safety of Memantine in Combination with Potentially Interactive Drugs in the Real World: A Pharmacovigilance Study Using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) Database. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 82(3); 1333–1344
Senobari, Z. S., H. M. Masoumian, M. B. Teimouri, A. H. Rezayan, S. Samarghandian, and A. Hekmat (2023). Chromone-Based Inhibitors Against SARS-CoV-2: Docking and MD Simulation Study. BMC Research Notes, 16(1); 224
Sethiya, N. K., N. Ghiloria, A. Srivastav, D. Bisht, S. K. Chaudhary, V. Walia, and M. S. Alam (2024). Therapeutic Potential of Myricetin in Neurological Disorders. CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets, 23(7); 865–882
Shahrajabian, M. H. and W. Sun (2024). Turmeric and Curcuminoids: Pharmacological Benefits. Current Organic Synthesis, 21(5); 665–683
Shakira and M. Maulina (2025). Exploration of Moringa oleifera and Curcuma longa Compounds as Multi-Target Agents for Alzheimer’s Disease. Scripta Score Scientific Medical Journal, 7(1); 26–35
Khairudin, N. Y. M., A. Mohd Azraai, R. Siran, and N. Azme (2025). Therapeutic Mechanisms of Genistein in Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review of In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. PLoS One, 20(12); e0338590.
Khalil, R. M. and N. F. Khedr (2016). Curcumin Protects Against Monosodium Glutamate Neurotoxicity and Decreases NMDA2B and mGluR5 Expression in Rat Hippocampus. Neuro-Signals, 24; 81–87.
Kleinrichert, K. and B. Alappat (2019). Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant and Anti-Amyloidogenic Properties of Various Polyphenol-Rich Phytoceutical Extracts. Antioxidants, 8(1); 13.
Kumar, P., A. Singh, A. Kumar, R. Kumar, R. Pal, A. K. Sachan, R. K. Dixit, and R. Nath (2023). Effect of Curcumin and Coenzyme Q10 Alone and in Combination on Learning and Memory in an Animal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines, 11(5); 1422.
Lamichhane, G., J. Liu, S. J. Lee, D. Y. Lee, G. Zhang, and Y. Kim (2024). Curcumin Mitigates High-Fat High-Sugar Diet-Induced Impairment of Spatial Memory, Hepatic Metabolism, and Gut Microbiome Alteration in Alzheimer’s Disease Mice. Nutrients, 16(2); 240.
Mahmoudi, T., Z. Lorigooini, M. Rafieian-Kopaei, M. Arabi, Z. Rabiei, E. Bijad, and S. Kazemi (2020). Effect of Curcuma zedoaria Hydro-Alcoholic Extract on Learning, Memory Deficits, and Oxidative Damage Following Induced Seizures. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 16(1); 7.
Manayi, A., S. M. Nabavi, M. Daglia, and S. Jafari (2016). Natural Terpenoids as a Promising Source for Modulation of GABAergic System and Treatment of Neurological Diseases. Pharmacological Reports, 68(4); 671–679.
Mehla, J., P. Gupta, M. Pahuja, D. Diwan, and D. Diksha (2020). Indian Medicinal Herbs and Formulations for Alzheimer’s Disease: From Traditional Knowledge to Scientific Assessment. Brain Sciences, 10(12); 964.
Mishra, R. and A. Upadhyay (2025). An Update on Mammalian and Non-Mammalian Animal Models for Biomarker Development in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 82(1); 147.
Mohandas, G. G. and M. Kumaraswamy (2018). Antioxidant Activities of Terpenoids from Thuidium tamariscellum. Pharmacognosy Journal, 10(4); 645–649.
Nurcholis, W., N. Khumaida, M. Syukur, and M. Bintang (2017). Evaluation of Free Radical Scavenging Activity in Ethanolic Extract from Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. Molekul, 12(2); 133–138.
Oh, K. N., D. R. Oh, Y. Kim, and S. Kim (2025). Protective Effects of Curcuma longa on Corticosterone-Induced Neurotoxicity and Depression-Like Behavior. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 35; e2506005.
Oh-Hashi, K., T. Hasegawa, Y. Mizutani, K. Takahashi, and Y. Hirata (2021). Elucidation of Brefeldin A-Induced ER and Golgi Stress Responses in Neuro2a Cells. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 476(10); 3869–3877.
Oliveira, M. T. A., M. V. O. B. de Alencar, V. P. A. Landim, G. M. M. Moura, J. I. O. da Cruz, E. A. dos Santos, H. D. M. Coutinho, J. C. Andrade, I. R. A. de Menezes, P. R. V. Ribeiro, E. S. de Brito, E. O. de Sousa, and A. F. Uchoa (2020). UPLC-MS-QTOF Analysis and Antifungal Activity of Cumaru (Amburana cearensis). 3 Biotech, 10(12); 545.
Passeri, E., K. Elkhoury, M. Morsink, K. Broersen, M. Linder, A. Tamayol, C. Malaplate, F. T. Yen, and E. Arab-Tehrany (2022). Alzheimer’s Disease: Treatment Strategies and Their Limitations. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(22); 13954.
Perez, A., H. A. Martinez-Correa, F. Parada-Alfonso, Z. J. Suárez Montenegro, D. Ballesteros-Vivas, G. Álvarez-Rivera, A. Cifuentes, and E. Ibáñez (2025). Antioxidant, Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Curcuma longa Extracts: From Green Extraction to Nanoemulsion. Frontiers in Nutrition, 12; 1619725.
Petrovsky, I., P. Santoso, and M. S. Fadil (2026). In Silico Insights into Bioactive Compounds of Wild Sumatran Turmeric (Curcuma sumatrana, Zingiberaceae) as Potent Antioxidant Candidates. Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi, 19(1); 163–176.
Pluta, R., L. Ouyang, S. Januszewski, Y. Li, and S. J. Czuczwar (2021). Participation of Amyloid and Tau Protein in Post-Ischemic Neurodegeneration of the Hippocampus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(5); 2460.
Pomalango, Z. B., M. A. Paneo, N. Pakaya, L. O. Aman, and A. H. Hutuba (2025). Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Turmeric Effervescent Dosage in Preventing Atherosclerosis. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(2); 482–492.
Qi, Y., J. Zhang, Y. Zhang, H. Zhu, J. Wang, X. Xu, S. Jin, C. Wang, F. Zhang, M. Zhao, Z. Wu, H. Zhu, and P. Yan (2025). Curcuma wenyujin Extract Alleviates Cognitive Deficits and Restrains Pyroptosis Through PINK1/Parkin-Mediated Autophagy. Phytomedicine, 139; 156482.
Rahman, A. T., A. Jethro, P. Santoso, V. D. Kharisma, and A. A. Murtadlo (2022). In Silico Study of Endemic Sumatra Wild Turmeric (Curcuma sumatrana) as Anti-Cancer. Pharmacognosy Journal, 14(6); 806–812.
Ramírez, D. and J. Caballero (2018). Reliability of Molecular Docking Scoring Without Structural Validation. Molecules, 23(5); 1038.
Rumpf, J., R. Burger, and M. Schulze (2023). Statistical Evaluation of DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and Folin-Ciocalteu Assays to Assess the Antioxidant Capacity of Lignins. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 233; 123470.
Sabir, S. M., A. Zeb, M. Mahmood, S. R. Abbas, Z. Ahmad, and N. Iqbal (2021). Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Curcuma longa Rhizome. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 81(3); 737–740.
Santoso, P., S. Ilyas, Y. H. Midoen, R. Maliza, and D. F. Belahusna (2024). Predictive Bioactivity of Vitis gracilis Leaf Extract Against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 14(4); 99–114.
Santoso, P., A. S. Simatupang, A. Fajria, R. Rahayu, and R. Jannatan (2023). Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) Extract Attenuates Hyperglycemia and Neurological Dysfunction. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 10(4); 608–619.
Sarkar, B., N. Rana, C. Singh, and A. Singh (2024). Medicinal Herbal Remedies in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Antioxidant Potential Update. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology, 397(8); 5483–5511.
Satir, T. M., L. Agholme, A. Karlsson, M. Karlsson, P. Karila, S. Illes, P. Bergström, and H. Zetterberg (2020). Partial Reduction of Amyloid β Production by β-Secretase Inhibitors Does Not Decrease Synaptic Transmission. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 12(1); 63.
Sato, K., T. Mano, A. Iwata, and T. Toda (2021). Safety of Memantine in Combination with Potentially Interactive Drugs in the Real World: A Pharmacovigilance Study Using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) Database. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 82(3); 1333–1344.
Senobari, Z. S., H. M. Masoumian, M. B. Teimouri, A. H. Rezayan, S. Samarghandian, and A. Hekmat (2023). Chromone-Based Inhibitors Against SARS-CoV-2: Docking and MD Simulation Study. BMC Research Notes, 16(1); 224.
Sethiya, N. K., N. Ghiloria, A. Srivastav, D. Bisht, S. K. Chaudhary, V. Walia, and M. S. Alam (2024). Therapeutic Potential of Myricetin in Neurological Disorders. CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets, 23(7); 865–882.
Shahrajabian, M. H. and W. Sun (2024). Turmeric and Curcuminoids: Pharmacological Benefits. Current Organic Synthesis, 21(5); 665–683.
Shakira and M. Maulina (2025). Exploration of Moringa oleifera and Curcuma longa Compounds as Multi-Target Agents for Alzheimer’s Disease. Scripta Score Scientific Medical Journal, 7(1); 26–35.
Shi, J., Y. E. Kim, N. J. DeRuiter, P. Kadav, and M. Tessier-Lavigne (2026). Caspase-3 Cleaves and Activates the NADase SARM1 to Promote Apoptosis, Linking Two Cell Death Mechanisms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 123(4); e2528118123.
Shofia, V., A. B. Anggraeni, and H. Nurlaila (2024). Antioxidant Activity of Curcumin Extract from Curcuma zedoaria and Curcuma longa. Indonesian Journal of Science and Pharmacy, 1(3); 108–112.
Shrestha, A., R. Marahatha, S. Basnet, B. P. Regmi, S. Katuwal, S. R. Dahal, K. R. Sharma, A. Adhikari, R. C. Basnyat, and N. Parajuli (2022). Flavonoids as SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitors: Docking and Dynamics Simulation. Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022; 3742318.
Singh, A., U. Soni, P. K. Varadwaj, K. Misra, and S. I. Rizvi (2025). Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Curcumin in Accelerated Senescence Model. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 43(3); 1459–1470.
Söderberg, L., M. Johannesson, P. Nygren, H. Laudon, F. Eriksson, G. Osswald, C. Möller, and L. Lannfelt (2023). Lecanemab, Aducanumab, and Gantenerumab—Binding Profiles to Different Forms of Amyloid-Beta Might Explain Efficacy and Side Effects in Clinical Trials for Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurotherapeutics, 20(1); 195–206.
Sohrab, S., P. Mishra, V. Dwivedi, P. Veis, A. K. Pathak, and S. K. Mishra (2024). Elemental and Metabolic Profiling of Zingiberaceae Using FT-IR and LIBS. Heliyon, 10(13); e33395.
Spiegel, M., K. Kapusta, W. Kołodziejczyk, J. Saloni, B. Żbikowska, G. A. Hill, and Z. Sroka (2020). Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Acids and QSAR Analysis. Molecules, 25(13); 3088.
Sudhishma, S., S. D. Acharya, S. D. Ullal, V. Blossom, A. Parida, and N. Noushida (2021). Levetiracetam Exposure Induces Cognitive Decline Not Fully Prevented by Bacopa monnieri. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 19(4); 897–903.
Sui, X., J. Wang, Z. Zhao, B. Liu, M. Liu, M. Liu, C. Shi, X. Feng, Y. Fu, D. Shi, S. Li, Q. Qi, M. Xian, and G. Zhao (2024). Phenolic Compounds Induce Ferroptosis-Like Death via Hydroxyl Radical Generation. Communications Biology, 7(1); 199.
Syafira, F., Nurainas, and Syamsuardi (2024). New Record and Spatial Distribution of Curcuma sumatrana in Sumatra. Biodiversitas, 25; 4127–4138.
Syukur, M., M. S. Prahasiwi, Nurkhasanah, S. Yuliani, Y. Purwaningsih, and E. Indriyanti (2023). Profiling of Active Compounds of Ethanol Extract, n-Hexane Extract, Ethyl Acetate Extract and Ethanol Fraction of Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.) and Determination of Total Flavonoids, Total Phenolics and Their Potential as Antioxidants. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8(2); 219–226.
Thanuma, J., J. Phetcharaburanin, H. Dokduang, W. Loilome, P. Klanrit, A. Wangwiwatsin, and N. Namwat (2025). Metabolomic Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) Extracts. PeerJ, 13; e19567.
Wang, S., Y. Jiang, A. Yang, F. Meng, and J. Zhang (2024). Expanding Burden of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Aging and Disease.
Wang, Y., H. Zhang, J. Wang, M. Yu, Q. Zhang, S. Yan, D. You, L. Shi, L. Zhang, L. Wang, H. Wu, and X. Cao (2021). Aconiti lateralis Radix Praeparata Inhibits Alzheimer’s Disease via GRIN1 and MAPK1. Pharmaceutical Biology, 59(1); 311–320.
Wihadmadyatami, H., M. A. Zulfikar, H. Herawati, S. Karnati, G. R. Saragih, D. Aliffia, D. A. O. A. Pratama, N. Handayani, U. Kustiati, D. R. Tirtosari, and Y. Tjahjono (2025). Neuroprotection of Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium in Alzheimer’s Disease Model. Open Veterinary Journal, 15(1); 151–161.
Wójcik, P., M. K. Jastrzębski, A. Zięba, D. Matosiuk, and A. A. Kaczor (2024). Caspases in Alzheimer’s Disease: Activation and Therapeutic Potential. Molecular Neurobiology, 61(7); 4834–4853.
Wu, H., Z. Liu, Y. Zhang, B. Gao, Y. Li, X. He, J. Sun, U. Choe, P. Chen, R. A. Blaustein, and L. Yu (2024). Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Turmeric Ethanol Extract. Foods, 13(10); 1550.
Wu, X., Z. Yang, J. Zou, H. Gao, Z. Shao, C. Li, and P. Lei (2025). Protein Kinases in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Current Understandings and Implications for Drug Discovery. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 10(1); 146.
Yan, J., H. Ma, X. Lai, J. Wu, A. Liu, J. Huang, W. Sun, M. Shen, and Y. Zhang (2021). Artemisinin Attenuated Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis by Inhibiting Autophagy in MPP+-Treated SH-SY5Y Cells. Journal of Biological Research (Thessaloniki), 28(1); 6.
Yuhendri, R., Nurainas, T. Maideliza, L. Meriko, Alponsin, and I. R. A. Wahab (2024). Anatomy and Powder Microscopy of Curcuma sumatrana. Biodiversitas, 25; 900–908.
Zhang, Q., Y. Xu, Y. Sun, H. Dong, D. Sun, H. Li, and L. Chen (2024). Terpenoids from Curcuma kwangsiensis and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activities. Fitoterapia, 178; 106137.
Zhang, X., J. Xu, Y. Fan, G. Shi, B. Chen, A. Wang, Y. Zhu, L. Li, H. Jia, D. Gheyret, J. Wang, Y. Cao, S. Li, X. Chen, J. Zhang, and S. Zhang (2025). Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Aggravate Neuronal Apoptosis After Traumatic Brain Injury. Theranostics, 15(15); 7327–7345.
Authors
Santoso, P., Ilyas, S., Maliza, R., Fajarwati, I., Sukma Rita, R., Tamara Rahman, A. ., Aprilia Nawawi, J. ., Petrovsky, I., Muhammad Samudra Ilham, & Fitriana, A. (2026). Unravelling the Potential of Wild Endemic Sumatran Turmeric (Curcuma sumatrana Miq.) as a Candidate of Herbal Medicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Science and Technology Indonesia, 11(3), 1212–1240. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2026.11.3.1212-1240
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.