Magnetically Recoverable BiVO4/Fe3O4/g-C3N4 Photocatalyst via One-Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis for Visible-Light Methylene Blue Degradation
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Keywords:
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Photocatalysis, Methylene Blue Degradation, Ternary Heterojunction, Magnetic Photocatalyst, Visible-Light Irradiation
Abstract
The development of efficient and recyclable photocatalysts offers promising alternatives for wastewater treatment. However, significant challenges remain, including inefficient light utilization for photodegradation and rapid charge-carrier recombination. This study aims to synthesize a distinctive reusable BiVO4/Fe3O4/g-C3N4 (BNFC) photocatalyst with magnetic recovery via a one-pot hydrothermal method for visible-light methylene blue (MB) degradation. The optimal composite, BNFC-0.5, exhibited superior photocatalytic performance, achieving a degradation efficiency of 93.04% under optimal conditions of catalyst composition, pH 9, and 160 minutes of irradiation, with a TOC mineralization efficiency of 42.48%. The high degradation efficiency of the BNFC-0.5 composite is ascribed to its enhanced ability to harvest visible light, facilitate electron excitation with lower energy input, and promote effective electron–hole migration via the proposed Z-scheme configuration. Evaluation of the reactive oxygen species revealed that hydroxyl radicals (•OH) made the greatest contribution to the oxidation of MB. Kinetic assessment of the photocatalytic process revealed that the experimental behavior was adequately described by the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model, indicating a pseudo-first-order degradation pathway. In addition, the photocatalyst maintained a degradation efficiency of 79.32% over four cycles, demonstrating good stability and reusability, which is supported by the composite’s good structural stability. Overall, the findings demonstrate that constructing a ternary heterojunction is an effective strategy for enhancing the composite’s photocatalytic capability. Owing to its high degradation efficiency and reusability, the composite represents a promising candidate for wastewater purification under visible-light conditions.
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Arieveali, H., T. Setyaningtyas, K. Riyani, and A. Riapanitra (2025). Construction of Ternary Heterojunction g-C3N4/BiVO4/GQDs Nanocomposite and Its Methylene Blue Photodegradation Performance. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(3); 777–788.
Avilés-Monreal, R., A. Cárdenas-Rodríguez, M. H. Farías, H. A. Borbón-Nuñez, and F. Castillón-Barraza (2026). Degradation of Methylene Blue Catalyzed by a Photo-Fenton Reaction of G-C3N4/Fe3O4 Nanocomposite with Visible Light. Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures, 34(3); 277–290.
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Chabib, L., Nursal, M. Miskam, N. H. Mohd Kaus, M. H. Shafie, M. Hamid, I. R. Saragi, I. Isnaeni, D. Amilia, I. B. Dalimunthe, and H. Wijoyo (2025). Optimization of G-C3N4 Nanoparticles on Structural, Morphological, and Optical Properties as Organic Pollutants Adsorbent in Glycerin. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 11; 101057.
Chen, Z., F. Meng, H. Ren, L. Zhang, M. Fu, and D. Zhu (2026). One Step Synthesis of ZnO/g-C3N4 Composite for Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue and Emerging Contaminants under Sunlight. Journal of Applied Polymer Science; e70359.
Delnavaz, M., S. Amiri, and S. Najari (2025). Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin under Simulated Sunlight Using G-C3N4/CeO2/Fe3O4 Heterogeneous Composite. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 295; 118175.
Ge, Y.-D., M.-Y. Xing, H.-S. Zhang, X.-Y. Zhou, L. Zhang, X. Wang, and L. Xu (2025). Study on the Development of an Innovative Type-II Sonocatalyst of BiVO4/FeVO4 and Its Application in Sonocatalytic Removal of Tetracycline. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 1018; 179089.
Hakim, Y. M., E. Melwita, R. Mohadi, et al. (2024). The Effects of Hydrothermal Temperatures on ZnO-Bentonite Composite Synthesis on Adsorption and Photodegradation of Methylene Blue Dye. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(4); 1033–1041.
Hanada, N., M. Kiguchi, and A. Fujishima (2026). Current Status and Future Prospects of Photocatalytic Technology for Water Sterilization. Catalysts, 16(1); 40.
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Authors
Anggraeni, A., Riapanitra, A., Riyani, K., & Setyaningtyas, T. . (2026). Magnetically Recoverable BiVO4/Fe3O4/g-C3N4 Photocatalyst via One-Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis for Visible-Light Methylene Blue Degradation. Science and Technology Indonesia, 11(4), 1387–1405. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2026.11.4.1387-1405
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