Validation of Mercury Speciation Analysis in River Around Artisanal Small-Scale Gold Mining Area in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
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Keywords:
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Validation, Mercury Analyzer, Mercury Speciation, the Pelangan River, Rambut Petung District
Abstract
A method for determining mercury concentration using a mercury analyzer in a river water sample was validated according to ISO/IEC 17025. Analytical performance including linear range, limit of detection, precision and accuracy were evaluated. Mercury speciation profile was obtained from Pelangan River at three areas within Dusun Rambut Petung, an area with the highest amount of artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. Then, their concentration in each species was measured using sequential extraction. Good curve linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 0.1-5.0 µg/L and the limit of detection was 0.014 µg/L. The developed method has good precision and accuracy with a RSD value <10% and a recovery of 94.16-101.91%. The detected fraction of mercury in the Pelangan river is organomercury, elemental mercury, and sulfide-bound species with each concentration of 0.732±0.032; 0.350±0.027; and 0.850±0.027 µg/L, respectively. The measurement results showed conformity with the reference method using CV-AAS. Therefore, this method can be applied to determine mercury levels in water for monitoring environmental quality.
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Taverniers, I., M. De Loose, and E. Van Bockstaele (2004). Trends in Quality in the Analytical Laboratory. II. Analytical Method Validation and Quality Assurance. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 23(8); 535–552
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Boszke, L., A. Kowalski, A. Astel, A. Barański, B. Gworek, and J. Siepak (2008). Mercury Mobility and Bioavailability in Soil from Contaminated Area. Environmental Geology, 55(5); 1075–1087
Brooks, W., H. Ozturk, and Z. Cansu (2017). Amalgamation and Small-Scale Gold Mining at Ancient Sardis, Turkey. Archaeological Discovery, 5, 42-59
Eka, N., D. Heri, A. Rohman (2012). Validation of Mercury Analyzer for Determination of Mercury in Snake Fruit. International Food Research Journal, 19(3); 933–936
EPA (1994). Determination of Mercury in Water by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Method 245.1, revision 3.0. US EPA: The United States Environmental Protection Agency
Ertas, O. and H. Tezel (2004). A validated Cold Vapour-AAS Method for Determining Mercury in Human Red Blood Cells. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 36(4); 893–897
Esdaile, L. J. and J. M. Chalker (2018). The Mercury Problem in Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining. Chemistry–A European Journal, 24(27); 6905–6916
Gill, G. A. and K. W. Bruland (1990). Mercury Speciation in Surface Freshwater Systems in California and Other Areas. Environmental Science & Technology, 24(9); 1392–1400
González, A. G. and M. Á. Herrador (2007). A Practical Guide to Analytical Method Validation, Including Measurement Uncertainty and Accuracy Proles. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 26(3); 227–238
Hartwig, A., M. Arand, M. Commission (2019). Mercury and Mercury Compounds Determination of Mercury in Blood and in Urine by Cold Vapour AAS. The MAK Collection for Occupational Health and Safety, 4(2); 1006 1024
Hermanto, D., B. Kuswandi, D. Siswanta, and M. Mudasir (2019). Inhibitive Determination of Hg (II) in Aqueous Solution Using Urease Amperometric Biosensor. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 19(3); 786–795
Hermanto, D., M. Mudasir, D. Siswanta, B. Kuswandi, and N. Ismillayli (2022). Optical Fiber Mercury Biosensor Based on Immobilized Urease and Bromothymol Blue Onto the Alginate Chitosan Membrane in the Flow System. Kuwait Journal of Science, 49(1); 1–13
Hrubaru, M., D. C. Onwudiwe, S. Shova, C. Draghici, L. Tarko, and E. C. Hosten (2018). Organomercury Complexes Bearing (Thioxothiazolidin-5-yl) Methyl Moiety by Intramolecular Heteromercuration Reaction of Diallyldithio-carbamate. Inorganica Chimica Acta, 471; 257–264
ICH (1994). Harmonised Ripartite Guideline: Validation of Analytical Procedures. ICH Topic Q2 R1, London: European Medicines Agency (EMeA)
ISO/IEC (2017). International standard ISO/IEC 17025. general requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories Kallithrakas-Kontos, N. and S. Foteinis (2016). Recent Advances in the Analysis of Mercury in Water Review. Current Analytical Chemistry, 12(1); 22–36
Krisnayanti, B. D., C. W. Anderson, S. Sukartono, Y. Afandi, H. Suheri, and A. Ekawanti (2016). Phytomining for Artisanal Gold Mine Tailings Management. Minerals, 6(3); 84
Lu, X., X. Huangfu, X. Zhang, Y. Wang, and J. Ma (2014). Strong Enhancement of Trace Mercury Removal from Aqueous Solution with Sodium Thiosulfate by In Situ Formed Mn-(Hydr) Oxides. Water Research, 65; 22–31
Magnusson, . A. U., B. (2014). Eurachem Guide. The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Methods–a Laboratory Guide to Method Validation and Related Topics, 2nd Ed
Mikac, N., D. Foucher, S. Niessen, and J. C. Fischer (2002). Extractability of HgS (Cinnabar and Metacinnabar) by Hydrochloric Acid. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 374(6); 1028–1033
Omwoma, S., S. C. Lagat, J. O. Lalah, P. O. Owuor, and K. W. Schramm (2017). Recent Advances on Mercury Speciation in Aquatic Ecosystems, Health Effects and Analytical Techniques. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 19(1); 1–37
Seccatore, J., M. Veiga, C. Origliasso, T. Marin, and G. De Tomi (2014). An Estimation of the Artisanal Small Scale Production of Gold in the World. Science of the Total Environment, 496; 662–667
Sparks, D. L. (2003). Environmental Soil Chemistry. Elsevier
Spiegel, S. J., S. Agrawal, D. Mikha, K. Vitamerry, P. Le Billon, M. Veiga, K. Konolius, and B. Paul (2018). Phasing Out Mercury Ecological Economics and Indonesia’s Small Scale Gold Mining Sector. Ecological Economics, 144; 1–11
Spyropoulou, A., Y. G. Lazarou, and C. Laspidou (2018). Mercury Speciation in the Water Distribution System of Skiathos Island, Greece. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Proceedings, 2(11); 668
Stoichev, T., D. Amouroux, R. C. R. Martin-Doimeadios, M. Monperrus, O. F. Donard, and D. L. Tsalev (2006). Speciation Analysis of Mercury in Aquatic Environment. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, 41(6); 591–619
Taverniers, I., M. De Loose, and E. Van Bockstaele (2004). Trends in Quality in the Analytical Laboratory. II. Analytical Method Validation and Quality Assurance. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 23(8); 535–552
Templeton, D. M., F. Ariese, R. Cornelis, L. G. Danielsson, H. Muntau, H. P. van Leeuwen, and R. Lobinski (2000). Guidelines for Terms Related to Chemical Speciation and Fractionation of Elements. Definitions, Structural Aspects, and Methodological Approaches (IUPAC Recommendations 2000). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 72(8); 1453–1470
UNEP, U. (2013). Global Mercury Assessment 2013: Sources, Emissions, Releases and Environmental Transport. UNEP Chemicals Branch, Geneva, Switzerland
Živković, I., J. Kotnik, M. Šolić, and M. Horvat (2017). The Abundance, Distribution and Speciation of Mercury in Waters and Sediments of the Adriatic Sea–a Review. Acta Adriatica: International Journal of Marine Sciences, 58(1); 165–186
Authors
Hermanto, D., Ismillayli, . N. ., Herdiyanti, N. ., Kamali, S. R. ., & Aulia, S. . (2022). Validation of Mercury Speciation Analysis in River Around Artisanal Small-Scale Gold Mining Area in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Science and Technology Indonesia, 7(3), 379–384. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2022.7.3.379-384
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