Influence of Sepiolite Addition Methods and Contents on Physical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites
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Keywords:
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Composites, Mechanical Properties, Natural Rubber, Physical Properties, Sepiolite
Abstract
The influence of sepiolite loadings (1-10 phr) and sepiolite addition procedures (mill and latex mixing approaches) on properties improvement of natural rubber composites was investigated. The viscosity, curing behavior, and tensile test were used to assess the property changes whereas the rubber-filler interactions was confirmed by using stress relaxation, swelling, Mooney-Rivlin and rheological methods. It was found that the characteristics of rubber composites influenced by both mixing methods and filler contents. Comparing between two different mixing methods, the slower stress relaxation rate and less swelling capability were achieved from mill mixing technique. This method also lowered the strain where the upturn of stress was occurred as suggested by Mooney-Rivlin plot. The greater properties enhancement of composites was obtained from milling method because of the better rubber-filler interactions, probably as a result of the nature of filler used. The greatest tensile strength improvement was achieved at 1 phr sepiolite loading where the smallest damping characteristics (tan ????) indicating the highest elastic behavior were obtained as revealed by rheological measurements. The simplicity of production and shortened step of milling procedure would be more favorable than the latex mixing approach for fabrication sepiolite filled rubber composites.
References
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Masa, A., A. Krem-ae, H. Ismail, and N. Hayeemasae (2020). Possible Use of Sepiolite as Alternative Filler for Natural
Rubber. Materials Research, 23(4); e20200100
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Noordermeer, J. W. (1998). Recent Developments in Rub- ber Processing, Leading to New Applications Such as The
“Green Tyre”. Macromolecular Symposia, 127; 131–139
Nun-anan, P., S. Wisunthorn, S. Pichaiyut, C. D. Nathaworn, and C. Nakason (2020). Influence of Nonrubber Compo- nents on Properties of Unvulcanized Natural Rubber. Poly-
mers for Advanced Technologies, 31(1); 44–59
Pasbakhsh, P., H. Ismail, M. A. Fauzi, and A. A. Bakar (2009). Influence of Maleic Anhydride Grafted Ethylene Propy-
lene Diene Monomer (MAH-g-EPDM) On The Properties of EPDM Nanocomposites Reinforced by Halloysite Nan- otubes. Polymer Testing, 28(5); 548–559
Roberts, A. D. (1988). Natural Rubber Science and Technology. Oxford University Press
Roy, K., S. C. Debnath, N. D. Bansod, A. Pongwisuthiruchte, T. Wasanapiarnpong, and P. Potiyaraj (2020). Possible Use of Gypsum Waste from Ceramics Industry as Semi- Reinforcing Filler in Epoxidized Natural Rubber Compos- ites. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 22(1); 285–294
Swapna, V., R. Stephen, T. Greeshma, C. Sharan Dev, and M. Sreekala (2016). Mechanical and Swelling Behavior of Green Nanocomposites of Natural Rubber Latex and Tubular Shaped Halloysite Nano Clay. Polymer Composites, 37(2); 602–611
Wu, J., G. Huang, H. Li, S. Wu, Y. Liu, and J. Zheng (2013). Enhanced Mechanical and Gas Barrier Properties of Rub- ber Nanocomposites with Surface Functionalized Graphene Oxide at Low Content. Polymer, 54(7); 1930–1937
Zaeimoedin, T. Z., A. K. C. Aziz, and M. M. Kamal (2014). Improving Filler Dispersion and Physical Properties of Epox- idised Natural Rubber/Silica Compound by Using Dual Fillers and Coupling Agent in Mixing Process. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 18(3); 604–11
Zaini, N. A. M., H. Ismail, and A. Rusli (2018). Tensile, Thermal, Flammability and Morphological Properties of Se-piolite Filled Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EDPM) 296 Rubber Composites. Iranian Polymer Journal, 27(5); 287–296
Arayapranee, W. and G. L. Rempel (2013). Effects of Po- larity on The Filler-Rubber Interaction and Properties of Silica Filled Grafted Natural Rubber Composites. Journal of Polymers, 2013; 279529
Bhattacharya, M., M. Maiti, and A. K. Bhowmick (2008). Influ- ence of Different Nanofillers and their Dispersion Methods on The Properties of Natural Rubber Nanocomposites. Rub- ber Chemistry and Technology, 81(5); 782–808
Bokobza, L. (2019). Natural Rubber Nanocomposites: a Re- view. Nanomaterials, 9(1); 12
Bokobza, L. and J. P. Chauvin (2005). Reinforcement of Natu- ral Rubber: Use of In Situ Generated Silicas and Nanofibres of Sepiolite. Polymer, 46(12); 4144–4151
Bokobza, L., E. Leroy, and V. Lalanne (2009). Effect of Filling Mixtures of Sepiolite and a Surface Modified Fumed Silica on The Mechanical and Swelling Behavior of a Styrene– Butadiene Rubber. European Polymer Journal, 45(4); 996– 1001
Chen, H., M. Zheng, H. Sun, and Q. Jia (2007). Characteriza- tion and Properties of Sepiolite/Polyurethane Nanocompos- ites. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 445; 725–730
Di Credico, B., I. Tagliaro, E. Cobani, L. Conzatti, M. D’Arienzo, L. Giannini, S. Mascotto, R. Scotti, P. Stag- naro, and L. Tadiello (2019). A Green Approach for Prepar- ing High-Loaded Sepiolite/Polymer Biocomposites. Nano- materials, 9(1); 46
Fernandez, S. S. and S. Kunchandy (2013). Comparative Study of The Cure and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber/Expandable Graphite Vulcanizate Filled with Nano and Precipitated Calcium Carbonate. Asian Journal of Chem- istry, 25(15); 8638–8642
Fröhlich, J., W. Niedermeier, and H. D. Luginsland (2005). The Effect of Filler–Filler and Filler–Elastomer Interaction on Rubber Reinforcement. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 36(4); 449–460
Ismail, H., N. Omar, and N. Othman (2011). Effect of Carbon Black Loading on Curing Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Waste Tyre Dust/Carbon Black Hybrid Filler Filled Natural Rubber Compounds. Journal of Applied Poly- mer Science, 121(2); 1143–1150
Ismail, H., B. T. Poh, K. S. Tan, and M. Moorthy (2003). Ef- fect of Filler Loading on Cure Time and Swelling Behaviour of SMR L/ENR 25 and SMR L/SBR Blends. Polymer Inter- national, 52(5); 685–691
Kim, D. Y., J. W. Park, D. Y. Lee, and K. H. Seo (2020). Correlation Between The Crosslink Characteristics and Me- chanical Properties of Natural Rubber Compound Via Ac- celerators and Reinforcement. Polymers, 12(9); 1–14
Locatelli, D., N. Pavlovic, V. Barbera, L. Giannini, and M. Gal- imberti (2020). Sepiolite as Reinforcing Filler for Rubber Composites: From The Chemical Compatibilization to The Commercial Exploitation. Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe, 10; 2–11
Lorenz, O. and C. Parks (1961). The Crosslinking Efficiency of Some Vulcanizing Agents in Natural Rubber. Journal of Polymer Science, 50(154); 299–312
Maria, H. J., N. Lyczko, A. Nzihou, K. Joseph, C. Mathew, and S. Thomas (2014). Stress Relaxation Behavior of Organically Modified Montmorillonite Filled Natural Rub- ber/Nitrile Rubber Nanocomposites. Applied Clay Science, 87; 120–128
Masa, A., A. Krem-ae, H. Ismail, and N. Hayeemasae (2020). Possible Use of Sepiolite as Alternative Filler for Natural
Rubber. Materials Research, 23(4); e20200100
Masa, A., R. Saito, H. Saito, T. Sakai, A. Kaesaman, and N. Lopattananon (2016). Phenolic Resin-Crosslinked Natu-
ral Rubber/Clay Nanocomposites: Influence of Clay Load- ing and Interfacial Adhesion on Strain-Induced Crystalliza- tion Behavior. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 133(12); 43214
Mittal, V., J. K. Kim, and K. Pal (2011). Recent Advances in Elastomeric Nanocomposites Volume 9. Springer
Mohanty, T. R., P. Neeraj, S. Ramakrishnan, S. Amarnath, D. Lorenzetti, P. Mohamed, and A. Tyres (2021). Sepio- lite Nanoclay: A Reinforcing Filler in The Natural Rub- ber/Butadiene Rubber (NR/BR) Matrix for Tire Tread Compound Application. Rubber World, 263; 32–44
Nasution, D. A., H. Ismail, B. Wirjosentono, and T. Tamrin (2020). The Effect of Sepiolite Loading on Curing and Ten- sile Properties of Sepiolite Filled Natural Rubber/Styrene- Butadiene Rubber (SMR L/SBR) Bends. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2267; 020057
Noordermeer, J. W. (1998). Recent Developments in Rub- ber Processing, Leading to New Applications Such as The
“Green Tyre”. Macromolecular Symposia, 127; 131–139
Nun-anan, P., S. Wisunthorn, S. Pichaiyut, C. D. Nathaworn, and C. Nakason (2020). Influence of Nonrubber Compo- nents on Properties of Unvulcanized Natural Rubber. Poly-
mers for Advanced Technologies, 31(1); 44–59
Pasbakhsh, P., H. Ismail, M. A. Fauzi, and A. A. Bakar (2009). Influence of Maleic Anhydride Grafted Ethylene Propy-
lene Diene Monomer (MAH-g-EPDM) On The Properties of EPDM Nanocomposites Reinforced by Halloysite Nan- otubes. Polymer Testing, 28(5); 548–559
Roberts, A. D. (1988). Natural Rubber Science and Technology. Oxford University Press
Roy, K., S. C. Debnath, N. D. Bansod, A. Pongwisuthiruchte, T. Wasanapiarnpong, and P. Potiyaraj (2020). Possible Use of Gypsum Waste from Ceramics Industry as Semi- Reinforcing Filler in Epoxidized Natural Rubber Compos- ites. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 22(1); 285–294
Swapna, V., R. Stephen, T. Greeshma, C. Sharan Dev, and M. Sreekala (2016). Mechanical and Swelling Behavior of Green Nanocomposites of Natural Rubber Latex and Tubular Shaped Halloysite Nano Clay. Polymer Composites, 37(2); 602–611
Wu, J., G. Huang, H. Li, S. Wu, Y. Liu, and J. Zheng (2013). Enhanced Mechanical and Gas Barrier Properties of Rub- ber Nanocomposites with Surface Functionalized Graphene Oxide at Low Content. Polymer, 54(7); 1930–1937
Zaeimoedin, T. Z., A. K. C. Aziz, and M. M. Kamal (2014). Improving Filler Dispersion and Physical Properties of Epox- idised Natural Rubber/Silica Compound by Using Dual Fillers and Coupling Agent in Mixing Process. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 18(3); 604–11
Zaini, N. A. M., H. Ismail, and A. Rusli (2018). Tensile, Thermal, Flammability and Morphological Properties of Se-piolite Filled Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EDPM) 296 Rubber Composites. Iranian Polymer Journal, 27(5); 287–296
Authors
Hayeemasae, N. ., Adair, A., Mohamad Rasidi, M. S. ., Jitsopin, P. ., & Masa, A. (2022). Influence of Sepiolite Addition Methods and Contents on Physical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites. Science and Technology Indonesia, 7(2), 140–148. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2022.7.2.140-148
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