Optimization of Liquid Smoke Products Made from Rubberwood with Pyrolysis Method
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Keywords:
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Liquid Smoke, Distillation, Rubberwood, Pyrolysis
Abstract
A large amount of rubberwood waste in Indonesia is caused by abundant rubberwood production. However, the utilization of rubberwood waste has not been optimized in Indonesia. One of the efforts to utilize rubberwood waste is to process it into liquid smoke. Liquid smoke is the dispersion of smoke vapor in water. The raw material used in this research is rubberwood. This study aimed to determine the quality of liquid smoke after purification by knowing the volume, density, pH, viscosity, yield, and phenol content using rubberwood as raw material and the pyrolysis method. The pyrolysis process is purified by distillation based on differences in boiling points. This research is divided into two stages of distillation, namely low grade purified liquid smoke and high grade purified liquid smoke. The analysis results will follow the quality standards of Japanese liquid smoke. The results show that the best liquid smoke from this research is liquid smoke with a pyrolysis time of 3 hours because it meets Japanese liquid smoke quality standards.
References
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Huang, Y., X. Xiao, H. Kang, J. Lv, R. Zeng, and J. Shen (2022). Thermal Management of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: A Critical Review of Heat Transfer Mechanisms, Cooling Approaches, and Advanced Cooling Techniques Analysis. Energy Conversion and Management, 254; 115221
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Mohan, D., C. U. Pittman Jr, and P. H. Steele (2006). Pyrolysis of Wood/Biomass for Bio-Oil: A Critical Review. Energy & Fuels, 20(3); 848–889
Nussbaumer, T. (2003). Combustion and Co-Combustion of Biomass: Fundamentals, Technologies, and Primary Measures for Emission Reduction. Energy & Fuels, 17(6); 1510– 1521
Oramahi, H. A., T. Yoshimura, E. Rusmiyanto, and K. Kustiati (2020). Optimization and Characterization of Wood Vinegar Produced by Shorea laevis Ridl Wood Pyrolysis. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 20(4); 825–832
Permanasari, A. R. (2020). The Pyrolysis Reactor Design and the Effect of Liquid Smoke from Coconut Shell on Microbial Contamination of Tofu. International Journal Applied Technology Research, 1(2); 128–139
Pisoschi, A. M., A. Pop, C. Georgescu, V. Turcuş, N. K. Olah, and E. Mathe (2018). An Overview of Natural Antimicrobials Role in Food. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 143; 922–935
Rizal, W., R. Maryana, D. Prasetyo, D. Pratiwi, T. Jatmiko, D. Ariani, and A. Suwanto (2020). Chemical Composition of Liquid Smoke from Coconut Shell Waste Produced by SME in Rongkop Gunungkidul. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, volume 462. IOP Publishing, page 012057
Sakulkit, P., A. Palamanit, R. Dejchanchaiwong, and P. Reubroycharoen (2020). Characteristics of Pyrolysis Products from Pyrolysis and Co-Pyrolysis of Rubber Wood and Oil Palm Trunk Biomass for Biofuel and Value-Added Applications. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 8(6); 104561
Sari, E., U. Khatab, E. Rahman, F. Afriza, A. Maulidita, and V. Desti (2019). Production of Liquid Smoke from the Process of Carbonization of Durian Skin Biomass, Coconut Shell and Palm Shell for Preservation of Tilapia Fish. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, volume 543. IOP Publishing, page 012075
Sari, R. M., S. Gea, B. Wirjosentono, S. Hendrana, and F. G. Torres (2021). The Effectiveness of Coconut Coir as Tar Adsorbent in Liquid Smoke Integrated Into the Pyrolysis Reactor. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 25; 100907
Shariff, A., R. Hakim, and N. Abdullah (2016). Rubber Wood as a Potential Biomass Feedstock for Biochar Via Slow Pyrolysis. International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering, 10(12); 1415–1420
Simon, R., B. de la Calle, S. Palme, D. Meier, and E. Anklam (2005). Composition and Analysis of Liquid Smoke Flavouring Primary Products. Journal of Separation Science, 28(9-10); 871–882
Srinivasakannan, C. and M. Z. A. Bakar (2004). Production of Activated Carbon from Rubber Wood Sawdust. Biomass and Bioenergy, 27(1); 89–96
Triastuti, W. E., P. A. Budhi, E. Agustiani, R. A. Hidayat, R. Retnoningsih, and A. A. Nisa (2019). Caracterization of Liquid Smoke Bamboo Waste with Pyrolysis Method. IPTEK Journal of Proceedings Series, (3); 114–117
Xin, X., K. Dell, I. A. Udugama, B. R. Young, and S. Baroutian (2021). Transforming Biomass Pyrolysis Technologies to Produce Liquid Smoke Food Flavouring. Journal of Cleaner Production, 294; 125368
Adiningsih, Y. and A. Priatni (2021). Characterization of Rubber Shell Liquid Smoke at Various Pyrolysis Temperatures and the Application to Latex Coagulant. In Joint Symposium on Tropical Studies (JSTS-19), volume 11. Atlantis Press, pages 423–428
Afrah, B. D., M. I. Riady, L. Cundari, M. A. Rizan, and A. D. Aryansyah (2020). Rancang Bangun Alat Produksi Asap Cair dengan Metode Pirolisis Menggunakan Software Fusion 360. Jurnal Teknik Kimia, 26(3); 113–121 (in Indonesia)
Ali, F. and R. Al Fiqri (2020). The Simple Design of Pyrolysis Tool for Making Liquid Smoke from Shells and Rubber Seeds as a Food Preservative. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, volume 1500. IOP Publishing, page 012064
Arnim, F. and Y. Marlida (2012). The Effect of Liquid Smoke Utilization as Preservative for Meatballs Quality. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 11(11); 1078–1080
Arumsari, A. and K. Sa’diyah (2021). Pengaruh Jenis Kayu Terhadap Kualitas Asap Cair. Distilat: Jurnal Teknologi Separasi, 7(2); 104–111 (in Indonesia)
Costa, M., Z. Sezgin-Bayindir, S. Losada-Barreiro, F. PaivaMartins, L. Saso, and C. Bravo-Díaz (2021). Polyphenols as Antioxidants for Extending Food Shelf-Life and in the Prevention of Health Diseases: Encapsulation and Interfacial Phenomena. Biomedicines, 9(12); 1909
Diebold, J. P. (1999). A Review of the Chemical and Physical Mechanisms of the Storage Stability of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oils. National Renewable Energy Lab
Faisal, M. and A. Gani (2018). The Effectiveness of Liquid Smoke Produced from Palm Kernel Shells Pyrolysis as a Natural Preservative in Fish Balls. International Journal of Geomate, 15(47); 145–150
Gao, Y., Y. Yang, Z. Qin, and Y. Sun (2016). Factors Affecting the Yield of Bio-Oil from the Pyrolysis of Coconut Shell. SpringerPlus, 5; 1–8
Gea, S., A. Haryono, A. Andriayani, J. L. Sihombing, A. N. Pulungan, T. Nasution, R. Rahayu, and Y. A. Hutapea (2020). The Stabilization of Liquid Smoke Through Hydrodeoxygenation Over Nickel Catalyst Loaded on Sarulla Natural Zeolite. Applied Sciences, 10(12); 4126
Gracia, K. A. and Y. Ismail (2022). The Study of Pyrolysis Temperature Toward Total Phenol Content, Total Acid Content, and pH in Spent Coffee Ground Liquid Smoke. Jurnal Serambi Engineering, 7(2); 2954–2964
Handayani, I. and K. Sa’diyah (2022). Pengaruh Waktu Pirolisis Serbuk Gergaji Kayu Terhadap Hasil Asap Cair. Distilat Jurnal Teknologi Separasi, 8(9); 28–35 (in Indonesia)
Huang, Y., X. Xiao, H. Kang, J. Lv, R. Zeng, and J. Shen (2022). Thermal Management of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: A Critical Review of Heat Transfer Mechanisms, Cooling Approaches, and Advanced Cooling Techniques Analysis. Energy Conversion and Management, 254; 115221
Irawansyah, H., A. Amrullah, and J. Fitrah (2022). The Effect of Temperature Distillation on Products Distribution Derived from Wood Pyrolysis Bio-Oil. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, volume 1038. IOP Publishing, page 012019
Jayanudin, J., A. Suhendi, J. Uyun, and A. H. Supriatna (2012). Pengaruh Suhu Pirolisis dan Ukuran Tempurung Kelapa Terhadap Rendemen dan Karakteristik Asap Cair Sebagai Pengawet Alami. Teknika: Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi, 8(1); 46–55 (in Indonesia)
Lu, X. and X. Gu (2022). A Review on Lignin Pyrolysis: Pyrolytic Behavior, Mechanism, and Relevant Upgrading for Improving Process Efficiency. Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts, 15(1); 106
Maga, J. A. (2018). Smoke in Food Processing. CRC Press Mante, O. D., J. A. Rodriguez, and S. P. Babu (2013). Selective Defunctionalization by TiO2 of Monomeric Phenolics from Lignin Pyrolysis Into Simple Phenols. Bioresource technology, 148; 508–516
Mbougueng, P. D., N. M. Sachindra, N. F. D. Nodem, and L. T. Ngoune (2020). Characterization of Volatile Compounds of Liquid Smoke Flavourings from Some Tropical Hardwoods. Scientific African, 8; e00443
Mohan, D., C. U. Pittman Jr, and P. H. Steele (2006). Pyrolysis of Wood/Biomass for Bio-Oil: A Critical Review. Energy & Fuels, 20(3); 848–889
Nussbaumer, T. (2003). Combustion and Co-Combustion of Biomass: Fundamentals, Technologies, and Primary Measures for Emission Reduction. Energy & Fuels, 17(6); 1510– 1521
Oramahi, H. A., T. Yoshimura, E. Rusmiyanto, and K. Kustiati (2020). Optimization and Characterization of Wood Vinegar Produced by Shorea laevis Ridl Wood Pyrolysis. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 20(4); 825–832
Permanasari, A. R. (2020). The Pyrolysis Reactor Design and the Effect of Liquid Smoke from Coconut Shell on Microbial Contamination of Tofu. International Journal Applied Technology Research, 1(2); 128–139
Pisoschi, A. M., A. Pop, C. Georgescu, V. Turcuş, N. K. Olah, and E. Mathe (2018). An Overview of Natural Antimicrobials Role in Food. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 143; 922–935
Rizal, W., R. Maryana, D. Prasetyo, D. Pratiwi, T. Jatmiko, D. Ariani, and A. Suwanto (2020). Chemical Composition of Liquid Smoke from Coconut Shell Waste Produced by SME in Rongkop Gunungkidul. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, volume 462. IOP Publishing, page 012057
Sakulkit, P., A. Palamanit, R. Dejchanchaiwong, and P. Reubroycharoen (2020). Characteristics of Pyrolysis Products from Pyrolysis and Co-Pyrolysis of Rubber Wood and Oil Palm Trunk Biomass for Biofuel and Value-Added Applications. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 8(6); 104561
Sari, E., U. Khatab, E. Rahman, F. Afriza, A. Maulidita, and V. Desti (2019). Production of Liquid Smoke from the Process of Carbonization of Durian Skin Biomass, Coconut Shell and Palm Shell for Preservation of Tilapia Fish. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, volume 543. IOP Publishing, page 012075
Sari, R. M., S. Gea, B. Wirjosentono, S. Hendrana, and F. G. Torres (2021). The Effectiveness of Coconut Coir as Tar Adsorbent in Liquid Smoke Integrated Into the Pyrolysis Reactor. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 25; 100907
Shariff, A., R. Hakim, and N. Abdullah (2016). Rubber Wood as a Potential Biomass Feedstock for Biochar Via Slow Pyrolysis. International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering, 10(12); 1415–1420
Simon, R., B. de la Calle, S. Palme, D. Meier, and E. Anklam (2005). Composition and Analysis of Liquid Smoke Flavouring Primary Products. Journal of Separation Science, 28(9-10); 871–882
Srinivasakannan, C. and M. Z. A. Bakar (2004). Production of Activated Carbon from Rubber Wood Sawdust. Biomass and Bioenergy, 27(1); 89–96
Triastuti, W. E., P. A. Budhi, E. Agustiani, R. A. Hidayat, R. Retnoningsih, and A. A. Nisa (2019). Caracterization of Liquid Smoke Bamboo Waste with Pyrolysis Method. IPTEK Journal of Proceedings Series, (3); 114–117
Xin, X., K. Dell, I. A. Udugama, B. R. Young, and S. Baroutian (2021). Transforming Biomass Pyrolysis Technologies to Produce Liquid Smoke Food Flavouring. Journal of Cleaner Production, 294; 125368
Authors
Afrah, B. D. ., Riady, M. I. ., Cundari, L. ., Rizan, M. A. ., Utami, J. ., Pratiwi, S. I. ., & Pratama, M. Y. . (2023). Optimization of Liquid Smoke Products Made from Rubberwood with Pyrolysis Method. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8(3), 353–360. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2023.8.3.353-360
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