Optimal Conditions for Alkaline Delignification Process in Cellulose Isolation from Sengon Wood Sawdust
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Keywords:
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Characterization, Cellulose, Delignification, Optimitation, Sengon Wood Sawdust
Abstract
Sengon wood sawdust (SWS) is a solid waste of the wood industry with the potential as a source of cellulose and can increase its economic value. However, cellulose in plants is tightly bound to lignin which is called lignocellulose therefore needs to be delignified before utilization. In this study, we determined the optimum conditions for delignification from sengon wood sawdust cellulose (SWSC). Optimization variables were determined with the parameter of obtained hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin content. The optimization of SWSC delignification was then carried out using the factorial design by analyzing the effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration (2% - 10%) and ratio (SWS : NaOH solution) (1:10 – 1:80) on hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin content. Optimal conditions were obtained at 2% NaOH (1:19.20) with concentrations of 8.01% hemicellulose, 52.49% cellulose, and 22.2% lignin. One sample T-test analysis of predictive and research values of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin showed insignificant results (P>0.05) which means that the optimization equation proved valid to determine the optimum conditions for cellulose delignification of sengon wood sawdust. FT-IR analysis, SEM imaging, and particle size distribution (PSA profile) showed that the cellulose produced under these conditions has similar characteristics to the standard of Avicel® PH 102.
References
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Chesson, A. (1981). Effects of Sodium Hydroxide on Cereal Straws in Relation to the Enhanced Degradation of Structural Polysaccharides by Rumen Microorganisms. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 32(8); 745–758
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Kian, L. K., M. Jawaid, H. Ariffin, and O. Y. Alothman (2017). Isolation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Roselle Fibers. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 103; 931–940
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Kundu, C., S. P. Samudrala, M. A. Kibria, and S. Bhattacharya (2021). One-Step Peracetic Acid Pretreatment of Hardwood and Softwood Biomass for Platform Chemicals Production. Scientific Reports, 11(1); 11183
Laksono, A. D., T. F. Susanto, R. Dikman, J. Awali, N. Sasria, and I. Y. Wardhani (2022). Mechanical Properties of Particleboards Produced from Wasted Mixed Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen) and Bagasse Particles. Materials Today: Proceedings, 65; 2927–2933
Liu, Y., A. Liu, S. A. Ibrahim, H. Yang, and W. Huang (2018). Isolation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Pomelo Peel. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 111; 717–721
Mesa, L., Y. Martínez, E. Barrio, and E. González (2017). Desirability Function for Optimization of Dilute Acid Pretreatment of Sugarcane Straw for Ethanol Production and Preliminary Economic Analysis based in Three Fermentation Configurations. Applied Energy, 198; 299–311
Mi’rajunnisa, H. Suryadi, Sutriyo, and Y. P. I. Lestari (2023). Isolation of Cellulase from Selected Fungal Strains and its use for Manufacture Microcrystal Cellulose from Kapuk Cortex (Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn). Science and Technology Indonesia, 8(2); 227–234
Mukherjee, A., S. Banerjee, and G. Halder (2018). Parametric Optimization of Delignification of Rice Straw through Central Composite Design Approach Towards Application in Grafting. Journal of Advanced Research, 14; 11–23
Novia, N., V. K. Pareek, H. Hermansyah, and A. M. Jannah (2019). Effect of Dilute Acid-Alkaline Pretreatment on Rice Husk Composition and Hydrodynamic Modeling with CFD. Science and Technology Indonesia, 4(1); 18–23
Pachuau, L., R. S. Dutta, L. Hauzel, T. B. Devi, and D. Deka (2019). Evaluation of Novel Microcrystalline Cellulose from Ensete glaucum (Roxb.) Cheesman Biomass as Sustainable Drug Delivery Biomaterial. Carbohydrate Polymers, 206; 336–343
Pujiasih, S., A. Masykur, T. Kusumaningsih, and O. A. Saputra (2018). Silylation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose Isolated from Indonesian Native Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch. Carbohydrate Polymers, 184; 74–81
Rahmawati, D., N. Khumaida, and U. J. Siregar (2019). Morphological and Phytochemical Characterization of Susceptible and Resistant Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) Tree to Gall Rust Disease. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 20(3); 907–913
Reddy, K. O., C. U. Maheswari, M. Shukla, J. Song, and A. V. Rajulu (2013). Tensile and Structural Characterization of Alkali Treated Borassus Fruit Fine Fibers. Composites Part B: Engineering, 44(1); 433–438
Sanchez, D. R. (2007). Recausticizing: Principles and Practice. Vector Process Equipment Inc; 2–1 Sebran, N. H., L. P. Gaik, and A. S. Hussain (2018). Structural Analysis on the Effect of Base Catalysed Delignification Process Parameters on Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunches Fibres using Glycome Profiling. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, volume 458. IOP Publishing, pages 1–8
Sheskey, P., W. Cook, and C. Cable (2017). Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. Pharmaceutical Press
Siqueira, G., J. Bras, and A. Dufresne (2010). Cellulosic Bionanocomposites: A Review of Preparation, Properties and Applications. Polymers, 2(4); 728–765
Siregar, U. J., D. Rahmawati, and A. Damayanti (2019). Fingerprinting Sengon (Falcatria moluccana) Accessions Resistant to Boktor Pest and Gall Rust Disease using Microsatellite Markers. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 20(9); 2698–2706
Sudarsono, W., W. Y. Wong, K. S. Loh, E. H. Majlan, N. Syarif, K.-Y. Kok, R. M. Yunus, K. L. Lim, and I. Hamada (2020). Sengon Wood-Derived RGO supported Fe-based Electrocatalyst with Stabilized Graphitic N-bond for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Acidic Medium. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 45(43); 23237–23253
Taher, T., S. Maulana, N. Mawaddah, A. Munandar, A. Rianjanu, and A. Lesbani (2023). Low Temperature Hydrothermal Carbonization of Activated Carbon Microsphere Derived from Microcrystalline Cellulose as Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Adsorbent. Materials Today Sustainability; 100464
Tarchoun, A. F., D. Trache, and T. M. Klapötke (2019). Microcrystalline Cellulose from Posidonia oceanica Brown Algae: Extraction and Characterization. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 138; 837–845
Trache, D., M. H. Hussin, C. T. H. Chuin, S. Sabar, M. N. Fazita, O. F. Taiwo, T. Hassan, and M. M. Haafiz (2016). Microcrystalline Cellulose: Isolation, Characterization and Bio-Composites Application—A Review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 93; 789–804
Trisant, P. N., I. Gunardi, and Sumarno (2020). The Influence of Hydrolysis Time in Hydrothermal Process of Cellulose from Sengon Wood Sawdust. In Macromolecular Symposia, volume 391. Wiley Online Library, page 2000016
Wang, J., Z. Liu, Y. Zheng, Q. Hong, Q. Wang, and X. Xu (2023). Synergistic Effects of Microcrystalline Cellulose and Xanthan Gum on the Stability of Milk Fat-Based UHT Whipping Cream. LWT, 184; 114966
Yu, H., J. Wang, J. Yu, Y. Wang, and R.-a. Chi (2020). Adsorption Performance and Stability of the Modified Straws and their Extracts of Cellulose, Lignin, and Hemicellulose For Pb2+:pH Effect. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 13(12); 9019–9033
Zawawi, A. Z., L. P. Gaik, N. H. Sebran, J. Othman, and A. S. Hussain (2018). An Optimisation Study on Biomass Delignification Process using Alkaline Wash. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 8(1); 59–68
Zhang, R.-Y., H.-M. Liu, J. Hou, Y.-G. Yao, Y.-X. Ma, and X.- D. Wang (2021). Cellulose Fibers Extracted from Sesame Hull using Subcritical Water as a Pretreatment. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 14(6); 103178
Abraham, E., B. Deepa, L. A. Pothan, M. Jacob, S. Thomas, U. Cvelbar, and R. Anandjiwala (2011). Extraction of Nanocellulose Fibrils from Lignocellulosic Fibres: A Novel Approach. Carbohydrate Polymers, 86(4); 1468–1475
Abu-Thabit, N. Y., A. A. Judeh, A. S. Hakeem, A. Ul-Hamid, Y. Umar, and A. Ahmad (2020). Isolation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Date Seeds (Phoenix dactylifera L.). International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 155; 730–739
Amdoun, R., L. Khelifi, M. Khelifi-Slaoui, S. Amroune, M. Asch, C. Assaf-Ducrocq, and E. Gontier (2018). The Desirability Optimization Methodology; A Tool to Predict Two Antagonist Responses in Biotechnological Systems: Case of Biomass Growth and Hyoscyamine Content in Elicited Datura starmonium Hairy Roots. Iranian Journal of Biotechnology, 16(1); 11–19
Ameram, N., S. Muhammad, N. A. A. N. Yusof, S. Ishak, A. Ali, N. F. Shoparwe, and T. P. Ter (2019). Chemical Composition in Sugarcane Bagasse: Delignification with Sodium Hydroxide. Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 15(2); 232–236
Arnata, I. W., F. Fahma, N. Richana, and T. C. Sunarti (2019). Cellulose Production from Sago Frond with Alkaline Delignification and Bleaching on Various Types of Bleach Agents. Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 35(1); 8–19
Bangar, S. P., O. J. Esua, C. Nickhil, and W. S. Whiteside (2023). Microcrystalline Cellulose for Active Food Packaging Applications: A Review. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 36; 101048
Baruah, J., R. C. Deka, and E. Kalita (2020). Greener Production of Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) from Saccharum spontaneum (Kans grass): Statistical Optimization. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 154; 672–682
Chavez, B. K., G.-P. Karen, D. C. Parada, and E. Flores (2023). Thermochemical Isolation and Characterization of Nanofibrillated Cellulose from Stipa obtusa Fibers. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications, 6; 100344
Cheng, F., X. Zhao, and Y. Hu (2018). Lignocellulosic Biomass Delignification using Aqueous Alcohol Solutions with the Catalysis of Acidic Ionic Liquids: A Comparison Study of Solvents. Bioresource Technology, 249; 969–975
Chesson, A. (1981). Effects of Sodium Hydroxide on Cereal Straws in Relation to the Enhanced Degradation of Structural Polysaccharides by Rumen Microorganisms. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 32(8); 745–758
Chuayplod, P. and D. Aht-Ong (2018). A Study of Microcrystalline Cellulose Prepared from Parawood (Hevea brasiliensis) Sawdust Waste using Different Acid Types. Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals, 28(2); 106–114
Collazo-Bigliardi, S., R. Ortega-Toro, and A. C. Boix (2018). Isolation and Characterisation of Microcrystalline Cellulose and Cellulose Nanocrystals from Coffee Husk and Comparative Study with Rice Husk. Carbohydrate Polymers, 191; 205–215
Hartati, N. S., E. Sudarmonowati, W. Fatriasari, E. Hermiati, W. Dwianto, R. Kaida, K. Baba, and T. = Hayashi (2010). Wood Characteristic of Superior Sengon Collection and Prospect of Wood Properties Improvement through Genetic Engineering. Wood Research Journal, 1(2); 103–107
Hii, K. L. and M. D. Mashitah (2014). Optimisation of Pressed Pericarp Fibre Delignification for Glucose Recovery using Response Surface Methodology. International Journal of Environmental Engineering, 6(2); 220–238
Ibrahim, M. M., W. K. El-Zawawy, Y. Jüttke, A. Koschella, and T. Heinze (2013). Cellulose and Microcrystalline Cellulose from Rice Straw and Banana Plant Waste: Preparation and Characterization. Cellulose, 20(5); 2403–2416
Karim, M. Z., Z. Z. Chowdhury, S. B. Abd Hamid, and M. E. Ali (2014). Statistical Optimization for Acid Hydrolysis of Microcrystalline Cellulose and Its Physiochemical Characterization by Using Metal Ion Catalyst. Materials, 7(10); 6982–6999
Kharismi, R. R. A. Y. and H. Suryadi (2018). Preparation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose Produced from Betung Bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) through Acid Hydrolysis. Journal of Young Pharmacists, 10(2); 79–83
Kian, L. K., M. Jawaid, H. Ariffin, and O. Y. Alothman (2017). Isolation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Roselle Fibers. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 103; 931–940
Krivokapić, J., J. Ivanović, J. Djuriš, D. Medarević, Z. Potpara, Z. Maksimović, and S. Ibrić (2020). Tableting Properties of Microcrystalline Cellulose Obtained from Wheat Straw Measured with a Single Punch Bench Top Tablet Press. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 28(6); 710–718
Kundu, C., S. P. Samudrala, M. A. Kibria, and S. Bhattacharya (2021). One-Step Peracetic Acid Pretreatment of Hardwood and Softwood Biomass for Platform Chemicals Production. Scientific Reports, 11(1); 11183
Laksono, A. D., T. F. Susanto, R. Dikman, J. Awali, N. Sasria, and I. Y. Wardhani (2022). Mechanical Properties of Particleboards Produced from Wasted Mixed Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen) and Bagasse Particles. Materials Today: Proceedings, 65; 2927–2933
Liu, Y., A. Liu, S. A. Ibrahim, H. Yang, and W. Huang (2018). Isolation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Pomelo Peel. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 111; 717–721
Mesa, L., Y. Martínez, E. Barrio, and E. González (2017). Desirability Function for Optimization of Dilute Acid Pretreatment of Sugarcane Straw for Ethanol Production and Preliminary Economic Analysis based in Three Fermentation Configurations. Applied Energy, 198; 299–311
Mi’rajunnisa, H. Suryadi, Sutriyo, and Y. P. I. Lestari (2023). Isolation of Cellulase from Selected Fungal Strains and its use for Manufacture Microcrystal Cellulose from Kapuk Cortex (Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn). Science and Technology Indonesia, 8(2); 227–234
Mukherjee, A., S. Banerjee, and G. Halder (2018). Parametric Optimization of Delignification of Rice Straw through Central Composite Design Approach Towards Application in Grafting. Journal of Advanced Research, 14; 11–23
Novia, N., V. K. Pareek, H. Hermansyah, and A. M. Jannah (2019). Effect of Dilute Acid-Alkaline Pretreatment on Rice Husk Composition and Hydrodynamic Modeling with CFD. Science and Technology Indonesia, 4(1); 18–23
Pachuau, L., R. S. Dutta, L. Hauzel, T. B. Devi, and D. Deka (2019). Evaluation of Novel Microcrystalline Cellulose from Ensete glaucum (Roxb.) Cheesman Biomass as Sustainable Drug Delivery Biomaterial. Carbohydrate Polymers, 206; 336–343
Pujiasih, S., A. Masykur, T. Kusumaningsih, and O. A. Saputra (2018). Silylation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose Isolated from Indonesian Native Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch. Carbohydrate Polymers, 184; 74–81
Rahmawati, D., N. Khumaida, and U. J. Siregar (2019). Morphological and Phytochemical Characterization of Susceptible and Resistant Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) Tree to Gall Rust Disease. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 20(3); 907–913
Reddy, K. O., C. U. Maheswari, M. Shukla, J. Song, and A. V. Rajulu (2013). Tensile and Structural Characterization of Alkali Treated Borassus Fruit Fine Fibers. Composites Part B: Engineering, 44(1); 433–438
Sanchez, D. R. (2007). Recausticizing: Principles and Practice. Vector Process Equipment Inc; 2–1 Sebran, N. H., L. P. Gaik, and A. S. Hussain (2018). Structural Analysis on the Effect of Base Catalysed Delignification Process Parameters on Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunches Fibres using Glycome Profiling. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, volume 458. IOP Publishing, pages 1–8
Sheskey, P., W. Cook, and C. Cable (2017). Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. Pharmaceutical Press
Siqueira, G., J. Bras, and A. Dufresne (2010). Cellulosic Bionanocomposites: A Review of Preparation, Properties and Applications. Polymers, 2(4); 728–765
Siregar, U. J., D. Rahmawati, and A. Damayanti (2019). Fingerprinting Sengon (Falcatria moluccana) Accessions Resistant to Boktor Pest and Gall Rust Disease using Microsatellite Markers. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 20(9); 2698–2706
Sudarsono, W., W. Y. Wong, K. S. Loh, E. H. Majlan, N. Syarif, K.-Y. Kok, R. M. Yunus, K. L. Lim, and I. Hamada (2020). Sengon Wood-Derived RGO supported Fe-based Electrocatalyst with Stabilized Graphitic N-bond for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Acidic Medium. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 45(43); 23237–23253
Taher, T., S. Maulana, N. Mawaddah, A. Munandar, A. Rianjanu, and A. Lesbani (2023). Low Temperature Hydrothermal Carbonization of Activated Carbon Microsphere Derived from Microcrystalline Cellulose as Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Adsorbent. Materials Today Sustainability; 100464
Tarchoun, A. F., D. Trache, and T. M. Klapötke (2019). Microcrystalline Cellulose from Posidonia oceanica Brown Algae: Extraction and Characterization. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 138; 837–845
Trache, D., M. H. Hussin, C. T. H. Chuin, S. Sabar, M. N. Fazita, O. F. Taiwo, T. Hassan, and M. M. Haafiz (2016). Microcrystalline Cellulose: Isolation, Characterization and Bio-Composites Application—A Review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 93; 789–804
Trisant, P. N., I. Gunardi, and Sumarno (2020). The Influence of Hydrolysis Time in Hydrothermal Process of Cellulose from Sengon Wood Sawdust. In Macromolecular Symposia, volume 391. Wiley Online Library, page 2000016
Wang, J., Z. Liu, Y. Zheng, Q. Hong, Q. Wang, and X. Xu (2023). Synergistic Effects of Microcrystalline Cellulose and Xanthan Gum on the Stability of Milk Fat-Based UHT Whipping Cream. LWT, 184; 114966
Yu, H., J. Wang, J. Yu, Y. Wang, and R.-a. Chi (2020). Adsorption Performance and Stability of the Modified Straws and their Extracts of Cellulose, Lignin, and Hemicellulose For Pb2+:pH Effect. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 13(12); 9019–9033
Zawawi, A. Z., L. P. Gaik, N. H. Sebran, J. Othman, and A. S. Hussain (2018). An Optimisation Study on Biomass Delignification Process using Alkaline Wash. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 8(1); 59–68
Zhang, R.-Y., H.-M. Liu, J. Hou, Y.-G. Yao, Y.-X. Ma, and X.- D. Wang (2021). Cellulose Fibers Extracted from Sesame Hull using Subcritical Water as a Pretreatment. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 14(6); 103178
Authors
Cahyani, I. M., Adhyatmika, Lukitaningsih, E., & Sulaiman, T. N. S. (2023). Optimal Conditions for Alkaline Delignification Process in Cellulose Isolation from Sengon Wood Sawdust. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8(4), 666–674. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2023.8.4.666-674
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