The Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 into Methanol with KHCO3 Electrolyte Using Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA)
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Keywords:
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MEA, KHCO3, Electrochemical Conversion, CO2, Methanol
Abstract
The electrochemical conversion process of CO2 into methanol using Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) has been done. The MEA consists of a Pt/C catalyst in the cathode and a Cu2O ZnO/C catalyst in the anode. The electrodes were made using the spraying method and then characterized using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) methods to determine the ECSA (Electrochemical Surface Area) and electrical conductivity values. Besides that, also X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electrode Microscopy – Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) analysis was to determine the crystal and morphological structure. The voltammogram from CV analysis indicated that the ECSA value on the Pt/C electrode was 7.2 m2/g and the Cu2O-ZnO/C electrodes as 0.69 m2/g. The electrode’s electrical conductivity value with Pt/C catalyst was 1.15 x 10−3 S/cm, and the electrode with Cu2O-ZnO/C catalyst was 0.80 x 10−3 S/cm. The results of the XRD analysis confirmed the presence of Cu2O and ZnO on the Cu2O-ZnO/C electrode and Pt on the Pt/C electrode. Meanwhile, the results of the SEM-EDX analysis showed that the Pt/C catalyst was spread more evenly with a larger percentage than Cu2O and ZnO. The result of the conversion of CO2 to methanol was measured using a methanol analyzer with variations in KHCO3 electrolyte concentration, variation of temperature operation, and variation of time operation. The best methanol concentrations after distillation process were 79.06 w/v %, with 1 M KHCO3, at room temperature and 2 hours operation.
References
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Shyamal, S., A. Maity, A. Kumar, and C. Bhattacharya (2019). Electrochimica Acta Development of Cu2O thin Films Under the in Fluence of Electrochemical Impedance. Applications in Improved Photoelectrochemical Water Reduction, 308; 384–391
Sivagami, M. and I. Asharani (2022). Phyto-mediated Ni/NiO NPs and Their Catalytic Applications-a Short Review. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 145; 110054
Taha, A., E. Da’na, and H. A. Hassanin (2021). Modified Activated Carbon Loaded with Bio synthesized Ag/ZnO Nanocomposite and its Application for the Removal of Cr (VI) Ions from Aqueous Solution. Surfaces and Interfaces, 23; 100928
Topnani, N., S. Kushwaha, and T. Athar (2010). Wet Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanopowder. International Journal of Green Nanotechnology: Materials Science & Engineering, 1(2); M67– M73
Tuyen, M. and H. Le (2011). Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Methanol. LSU Master’s Theses
Xu, Z., H. Zhang, H. Zhong, Q. Lu, Y. Wang, and D. Su (2012). Effect of Particle Size on The Activity and Durability of the PT/C Electrocatalyst For Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 111; 264–270
Zhang, F., F. Cheng, C. Cheng, M. Guo, Y. Liu, Y. Miao, F. Gao, and X. Wang (2022). Preparation and Electrical Conductivity of (Zr, Hf, Pr, Y, La) O High Entropy Fluorite Oxides. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 105; 122–130
Zhong, H., K. Fujii, and Y. Nakano (2017). Effect of KHCO3 Concentration on Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 on Copper Electrode. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 164(9): 923-927
Al Kalbani, H., J. Xuan, S. García, and H. Wang (2016). Comparative Energetic Assessment of Methanol Production From CO2: Chemical Versus Electrochemical Process. Applied Energy, 165; 1–13
Albo, J. and A. Irabien (2016). Cu2O-loaded Gas Diffusion Electrodes for the Continuous Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Methanol. Journal of Catalysis, 343; 232–239
Altway, S., K. Kuswandi, I. Zulfetra, and F. Nuharani (2016). CO2 Solubility in Electrolyte Solution of Potassium Carbonate with the Addition of Promotor Amines (MDEA-DEA/PZ-DEA) at Various Temperatures. Bandung Institute of Technology
Amin, H. M., Y. Uchida, C. Batchelor McAuley, E. Kätelhön, and R. G. Compton (2018). Non triangular potential Sweep Cyclic Voltammetry of Reversible Electron Transfer: Experiment Meets Theory. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 815; 24–29
Babamoradi, M., H. Sadeghi, R. Azimirad, and S. Safa (2018). Enhancing Photoresponsivity of Ultraviolet Photodetectors Based On ZnO/ZnO: Eu (x= 0, 0.2, 1, 5 and 20 at.%) Core/shell Nanorods. Optik, 167; 88–94
Carmo, M., G. P. Keeley, D. Holtz, T. Grube, M. Robinius, M. Müller, and D. Stolten (2019). PEM Water Electrolysis: Innovative Approaches Towards Catalyst Separation, Recovery and Recycling. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(7); 3450–3455
Cooper, K. R. (2009). In Situ PEM Fuel Cell Electrochemical Surface Area and Catalyst Utilization Measurement. Fuel Cell Magazine, 9; 28
Eris, S., Z. Daşdelen, and F. Sen (2018). Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity and Stability of Monodisperse Pt Nanocomposites For Direct Methanol Fuel Cells. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 513; 767–773
French, B., J. Wang, M. Zhu, and B. Holloway (2005). Structural Characterization of Carbon Nanosheets Via X-ray Scattering. Journal of Applied Physics, 97(11); 111
Ganesh, I. (2014). Conversion of Carbon Dioxide Into Methanol–a Potential Liquid Fuel: Fundamental Challenges and Opportunities (a Review). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 31; 221–257
Gao, D., F. Cai, G. Wang, and X. Bao (2016). Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry. 3; 39–44.
Hazarika, J. and M. S. Manna (2019). Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Methanol with Synthesized Cu2O Nanocatalyst: Study of the Selectivity. Electrochimica Acta, 328; 135053
Hori, Y., A. Murata, K. Kikuchi, and S. Suzuki (1987). Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxides to Carbon Monoxide at a Gold Electrode in Aqueous Potassium Hydrogen Carbonate. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, (10); 728–729
Huang Fu, Z. C., Q. T. Song, Y. H. He, J. J. Wang, J. Y. Ye, Z. Y. Zhou, S. G. Sun, and Z. H. Wang (2019). Electrochemical CO2 Reduction on Cu and Au Electrodes Studied Using in Situ Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 21(45); 25047–25053
Hussain, S., C. Cao, W. S. Khan, G. Nabi, Z. Chen, Z. Usman, Z. Ali, F. K. Butt, and T. Mahmood (2012). Fabrication and Electrical Characterization of p-Cu2O/n-ZnO Heterojunction. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 12(3); 1967–1971
Huy, H. A., T. Van Man, and H. T. Tai (2016). Preparation and Characterization of High-dispersed PT/C Nanoelectrocatalysts For Fuel Cell Applications. Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology, 54(4); 472–482
König, M., J. Vaes, E. Klemm, and D. Pant (2019). Solvents and Supporting Electrolytes in The Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2. Iscience, 19; 135–160
Li, Y., M. Ge, J. Wang, M. Guo, F. Liu, M. Han, Y. Xu, and L. Zhang (2021). Dehydrogenation of Isobutane to Isobutene Over A Pt-cu Bimetallic Catalyst in the Presence of Laalo3 Perovskite. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 32; 203–211
Liang, S., N. Altaf, L. Huang, Y. Gao, and Q. Wang (2020). Electrolytic Cell Design for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction. Journal of CO2 Utilization, 35; 90–105
Merino Garcia, I., E. Alvarez Guerra, J. Albo, and A. Irabien (2016). Electrochemical Membrane Reactors for The Utilisation of Carbon Dioxide. Chemical Engineering Journal, 305; 104–120
Rohendi, D., E. H. Majlan, A. B. Mohamad, W. R. W. Daud, A. A. H. Kadhum, and L. K. Shyuan (2013). Characterization of Electrodes and Performance Tests on MEAs with Varying Platinum Content and Under Various Operational Conditions. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38(22); 9431–9437
Rohendi, D., N. Syarif, A. Rachmat, D. Mersitarini, D. Ardiyanta, W. H. Erliana, I. Mahendra, D. H. Yulianti, I. Amelia, and M. A. R. Reo (2022). Effect of Milling Time and PCA on Electrode Properties of Cu2O-ZnO/C Catalyst Alloy used on Electrochemical Reduction Method of CO2. International Journal of Integrated Engineering, 14(2); 186–192
Sakellis, I., S. Giamini, I. Moschos, C. Chandrinou, A. Travlos, C. Y. Kim, J. H. Lee, J. G. Kim, and N. Boukos (2014). A Novel Method for the Growth of Cu2O/ZnO Heterojunctions. Energy Procedia, 60; 37–42
Shyamal, S., A. Maity, A. Kumar, and C. Bhattacharya (2019). Electrochimica Acta Development of Cu2O thin Films Under the in Fluence of Electrochemical Impedance. Applications in Improved Photoelectrochemical Water Reduction, 308; 384–391
Sivagami, M. and I. Asharani (2022). Phyto-mediated Ni/NiO NPs and Their Catalytic Applications-a Short Review. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 145; 110054
Taha, A., E. Da’na, and H. A. Hassanin (2021). Modified Activated Carbon Loaded with Bio synthesized Ag/ZnO Nanocomposite and its Application for the Removal of Cr (VI) Ions from Aqueous Solution. Surfaces and Interfaces, 23; 100928
Topnani, N., S. Kushwaha, and T. Athar (2010). Wet Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanopowder. International Journal of Green Nanotechnology: Materials Science & Engineering, 1(2); M67– M73
Tuyen, M. and H. Le (2011). Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Methanol. LSU Master’s Theses
Xu, Z., H. Zhang, H. Zhong, Q. Lu, Y. Wang, and D. Su (2012). Effect of Particle Size on The Activity and Durability of the PT/C Electrocatalyst For Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 111; 264–270
Zhang, F., F. Cheng, C. Cheng, M. Guo, Y. Liu, Y. Miao, F. Gao, and X. Wang (2022). Preparation and Electrical Conductivity of (Zr, Hf, Pr, Y, La) O High Entropy Fluorite Oxides. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 105; 122–130
Zhong, H., K. Fujii, and Y. Nakano (2017). Effect of KHCO3 Concentration on Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 on Copper Electrode. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 164(9): 923-927
Authors
Rohendi, D., Sya’baniah, N. F. ., Majlan, . E. H. ., Syarif, N. ., Rachmat, A. ., Yulianti, D. H. ., Amelia, I., Ardiyanta, D. ., Mahendra, . I. ., & Erliana, R. W. H. . (2023). The Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 into Methanol with KHCO3 Electrolyte Using Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA). Science and Technology Indonesia, 8(4), 632–639. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2023.8.4.632-639
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