Carbon Dots-based Antifungal Coating Film Against Pathogens Colletotrichum sp. for Active Coating Application of Mango
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Keywords:
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Antifungal, Antioxidant, Carbon Dots, Chitosan, Coating, Mango
Abstract
Mangos are one of horticultural products that are leading the Indonesian agricultural industry. Simple post-harvest handling leads to high damage. The most common causes is anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum sp. Therefore, it’s necessary to modify the existing methods in postharvest handling such as coating. Adding active agents such as carbon dot (CD) in coating material to prevent anthracnose from growing and shorten the shelf life. This study aims to investigate the applicability and antifungal properties of CD as a composite coating. CDs were synthesized using chitosan as the carbon source in a one-pot hydrothermal technique. The CDs have blue-emitting luminescence caused by the functional group at the surface of CD. The CDs were used to prepare chitosan/pectin (Chi/Pec)-based composite coatings. The addition of CDs increased the viscosity and density of composites, increased the blue-emitting luminescence, and showed potential antioxidant activity. The CDs and composite coatings exhibited high antifungal activity against Colletotrichum sp. by agar well diffusion method and were classified as very strong antifungal agents. The chitosan/pectin/CDs-coating effectively reduced the growth of black spots on the surface of mangos and increased the fruit shelf life of the fruit by 24 days. The CDs are evidently safe, affordable, and value-added nanomaterials that can be used to prepare active packaging applications.
References
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Palou, L., S. A. Valencia-Chamorro, and M. B. Pérez-Gago (2015). Antifungal Edible Coatings for Fresh Citrus Fruit: A Review. Coatings, 5(4); 962–986
Priyadarshi, R. and J. W. Rhim (2020). Chitosan-Based Biodegradable Functional Films for Food Packaging Applications. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 62; 102346
Priyadarshini, E., K. Rawat, T. Prasad, and H. Bohidar (2018). Antifungal Efficacy of Au@ Carbon Dots Nanoconjugates against Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen, Candida Albicans. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 163; 355–361
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Roy, S. and J. W. Rhim (2021). Fabrication of Bioactive Binary Composite Film Based on Gelatin/chitosan Incorporatedwith Cinnamon Essential Oil and Rutin. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 204; 111830
Shen, C. L., Q. Lou, K. K. Liu, L. Dong, and C. X. Shan (2020). Chemiluminescent Carbon Dots: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. Nano Today, 35; 100954
Singh, A., S. Jha, G. Srivastava, P. Sarkar, and P. Gogoi (2013). Silver Nanoparticles As Fluorescent Probes: New Approach for Bioimaging. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 2(11); 153–157
Song, J., L. Zhao, Y. Wang, Y. Xue, Y. Deng, X. Zhao, and Q. Li (2018). Carbon Quantum Dots Prepared with Chitosan for Synthesis of CQDs/AuNPs for Iodine Ions Detection. Nanomaterials, 8(12); 1043
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Uddin, M., S. Shefat, M. Afroz, and N. Moon (2018). Management of Anthracnose Disease of Mango Caused by Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides: A Review. Acta Scientific Agriculture, 2(10); 169–177
Yadav, S., G. Mehrotra, P. Bhartiya, A. Singh, and P. Dutta (2020). Preparation, Physicochemical and Biological Evaluation of Quercetin Based Chitosan-Gelatin Film for Food Packaging. Carbohydrate Polymers, 227; 115348
Yan, X., S. Rahman, M. Rostami, Z. A. Tabasi, F. Khan, A. Alodhayb, and Y. Zhang (2021). Carbon Quantum Dot-Incorporated Chitosan Hydrogel for Selective Sensing of Hg2+ Ions: Synthesis, Characterization, and Density Functional Theory Calculation. ACS Omega, 6(36); 23504–23514
Zhang, W., J. Chavez, Z. Zeng, B. Bloom, A. Sheardy, Z. Ji, Z. Yin, D. H. Waldeck, Z. Jia, and J. Wei (2018). Antioxidant Capacity of Nitrogen and Sulfur Codoped Carbon Nanodots. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 1(6); 2699–2708
Alvarez, M. V., L. Palou, V. Taberner, A. Fernández-Catalán, M. Argente-Sanchis, E. Pitta, and M. B. Pérez-Gago (2022). Natural Pectin-Based Edible Composite Coatings with Anti-fungal Properties to Control Green Mold and Reduce Losses of ‘valencia’oranges. Foods, 11(8); 1083
Amenta, V., K. Aschberger, M. Arena, H. Bouwmeester, F. B. Moniz, P. Brandhoff, S. Gottardo, H. J. Marvin, A. Mech, and L. Q. Pesudo (2015). Regulatory Aspects of Nanotechnology in the Agri/feed/food Sector in EU and Non-EU Countries. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 73(1); 463–476
Belwal, Pooja, K. Barman, and N. Yadav (2020). Postharvest Chilling Injury in Fruits and Vegetables and Its Alleviation. Agriculture and Food: E-Newsletter, 2(10); 171–172
Bhattacharya, T., H. A. Do, J. W. Rhim, G. H. Shin, and J. T. Kim (2023). Facile Synthesis of Multifunctional Carbon Dots from Spent Gromwell Roots and Their Application as Coating Agents. Foods, 12(11); 2165
Ezati, P., J. W. Rhim, R. Molaei, and Z. Rezaei (2022). Carbon Quantum Dots-Based Antifungal Coating Film for Active Packaging Application of Avocado. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 33; 100878
Fadzillah, N. Ahmad, R. Othman, N. M. Hassan, N. W. F. Muhammad, A. E. A. Bakar, N. H. Noh, and N. Mahmad (2019). Hot Acid Extraction, Characterisation and Scavenging Activity of Pectin from Hylocereus Polyrhizus. Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences, 9(5); 276–282
Fan, K., M. Zhang, D. Fan, and F. Jiang (2019). Effect of Carbon Dots with Chitosan Coating on Microorganisms and Storage Quality of Modified-Atmosphere-Packaged Fresh-Cut Cucumber. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 99(13); 6032–6041
Feng, Z., K. H. Adolfsson, Y. Xu, H. Fang, M. Hakkarainen, and M. Wu (2021). Carbon Dot/polymer Nanocomposites: From Green Synthesis to Energy, Environmental and Biomedical Applications. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 29; e00304
Floegel, A., D. O. Kim, S. J. Chung, S. I. Koo, and O. K. Chun (2011). Comparison of ABTS/DPPH Assays to Measure Antioxidant Capacity in Popular Antioxidant-Rich US Foods. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 24(7); 1043–1048
Guo, B., G. Liu, W. Ye, Z. Xu, W. Li, J. Zhuang, X. Zhang, L. Wang, B. Lei, and C. Hu (2024). Multifunctional Carbon Dots Reinforced Gelatin-Based Coating Film for Strawberry Preservation. Food Hydrocolloids, 147; 109327
He, X., H. Deng, W. G. Aker, and H. M. Hwang (2019). Regulation and Safety of Nanotechnology in the Food and Agriculture Industry. Food Applications of Nanotechnology, 8; 525–536
Hoque, M., S. Chowhan, and M. Kamruzzaman (2018). Physiological Changes and Shelf Life of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Influenced by Post Harvest Treatments. SAARC Journal of Agriculture, 15(2); 219–226
Janus, Ł., M. Piątkowski, J. Radwan-Pragłowska, D. Bogdał, and D. Matysek (2019). Chitosan-Based Carbon Quantum Dots for Biomedical Applications: Synthesis and Characterization. Nanomaterials, 9(2); 274
Jovanović, J., J. Ćirković, A. Radojković, D. Mutavdžić, G. Tanasijević, K. Joksimović, G. Bakić, G. Branković, and Z. Branković (2021). Chitosan and Pectin-Based Films and Coatings with Active Components for Application in Antimicrobial Food Packaging. Progress in Organic Coatings, 158; 106349
Kantanet, N. and P. Chompoorat (2022). Impact of Storage Temperature on Physiological Changes and Shelf Life of Mango CV. Mahachanok. In 6th International Conference of Food, Agriculture, and Natural Resource (IC-FANRES 2021). Atlantis Press, pages 385–392
Kedare, S. B. and R. Singh (2011). Genesis and Development of DPPH Method of Antioxidant Assay. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 48; 412–422
Kousheh, S. A., M. Moradi, H. Tajik, and R. Molaei (2020). Preparation of Antimicrobial/ultraviolet Protective Bacterial Nanocellulose Film with Carbon Dots Synthesized from Lactic Acid Bacteria. International Journal of Biological Macro-molecules, 155; 216–225
Kumar, L. and K. K. Gaikwad (2023). Carbon Dots for Food Packaging Applications. Sustainable Food Technology, 1(2); 185–199
Kumar, N., Pratibha, A. Upadhyay, A. Trajkovska Petkoska, M. Gniewosz, and M. Kieliszek (2023). Extending the Shelf Life of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Fruits by Using Edible Coating Based on Xanthan Gum and Pomegranate Peel Extract. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 17(2); 1300–1308
Le Govic, Y., N. Papon, S. Le Gal, J.-P. Bouchara, and P. Vandeputte (2019). Non-Ribosomal Peptide Synthetase Gene Clusters in the Human Pathogenic Fungus Scedosporium apiospermum. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10; 2062
Lee, J., B. Purushothaman, Z. Li, G. Kulsi, and J. M. Song (2017). Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activities of High-Valence Silver Propamidine Nanoparticles. Applied Sciences, 7(7); 736
Li, H., J. Huang, Y. Song, M. Zhang, H. Wang, F. Lu, H. Huang, Y. Liu, X. Dai, and Z. Gu (2018). Degradable Carbon Dots with Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Activity. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 10(32); 26936–26946
Lin, H., J. Huang, and L. Ding (2019). Preparation of Carbon Dots with High-Fluorescence Quantum Yield and Their Application in Dopamine Fluorescence Probe and Cellular Imaging. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2019; 1–9
Palou, L., S. A. Valencia-Chamorro, and M. B. Pérez-Gago (2015). Antifungal Edible Coatings for Fresh Citrus Fruit: A Review. Coatings, 5(4); 962–986
Priyadarshi, R. and J. W. Rhim (2020). Chitosan-Based Biodegradable Functional Films for Food Packaging Applications. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 62; 102346
Priyadarshini, E., K. Rawat, T. Prasad, and H. Bohidar (2018). Antifungal Efficacy of Au@ Carbon Dots Nanoconjugates against Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen, Candida Albicans. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 163; 355–361
Rafique, M., S. Hajra, M. B. Tahir, T. I. Awan, A. Bashir, and A. Tehseen (2020). Properties of Nanomaterials. INC
Roy, S. and J. W. Rhim (2021). Fabrication of Bioactive Binary Composite Film Based on Gelatin/chitosan Incorporatedwith Cinnamon Essential Oil and Rutin. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 204; 111830
Shen, C. L., Q. Lou, K. K. Liu, L. Dong, and C. X. Shan (2020). Chemiluminescent Carbon Dots: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. Nano Today, 35; 100954
Singh, A., S. Jha, G. Srivastava, P. Sarkar, and P. Gogoi (2013). Silver Nanoparticles As Fluorescent Probes: New Approach for Bioimaging. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 2(11); 153–157
Song, J., L. Zhao, Y. Wang, Y. Xue, Y. Deng, X. Zhao, and Q. Li (2018). Carbon Quantum Dots Prepared with Chitosan for Synthesis of CQDs/AuNPs for Iodine Ions Detection. Nanomaterials, 8(12); 1043
Tang, X. D., H. M. Yu, W. Nguyen, E. Amador, S. P. Cui, K. Ma, M. L. Chen, S. Y. Wang, Z. Z. Hu, and W. Chen (2023). New Observations on Concentration-Regulated Carbon Dots. Advanced Photonics Research, 4(3); 2200314
Tipre, P., A. Sawant, Y. Khandetod, J. Dhekale, P. Kolhe, and P. Sawant (2022). Physiological Weight Loss of Mango Cv. Alphonso As Influenced by the Different Types of Edible Coatings Viz. Single Layer, Composite and Bilayer. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 11(8); 1627–1631
Uddin, M., S. Shefat, M. Afroz, and N. Moon (2018). Management of Anthracnose Disease of Mango Caused by Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides: A Review. Acta Scientific Agriculture, 2(10); 169–177
Yadav, S., G. Mehrotra, P. Bhartiya, A. Singh, and P. Dutta (2020). Preparation, Physicochemical and Biological Evaluation of Quercetin Based Chitosan-Gelatin Film for Food Packaging. Carbohydrate Polymers, 227; 115348
Yan, X., S. Rahman, M. Rostami, Z. A. Tabasi, F. Khan, A. Alodhayb, and Y. Zhang (2021). Carbon Quantum Dot-Incorporated Chitosan Hydrogel for Selective Sensing of Hg2+ Ions: Synthesis, Characterization, and Density Functional Theory Calculation. ACS Omega, 6(36); 23504–23514
Zhang, W., J. Chavez, Z. Zeng, B. Bloom, A. Sheardy, Z. Ji, Z. Yin, D. H. Waldeck, Z. Jia, and J. Wei (2018). Antioxidant Capacity of Nitrogen and Sulfur Codoped Carbon Nanodots. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 1(6); 2699–2708
Authors
Safitri, I., Sugiarti, S., & Darmawan, N. (2024). Carbon Dots-based Antifungal Coating Film Against Pathogens Colletotrichum sp. for Active Coating Application of Mango. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(1), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2024.9.1.173-182
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