Physical Properties of Biodegradable Chitosan-Cassava Starch Based Bioplastic Film Mechanics
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Keywords:
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Bioplastic Film, Chitosan, Twin-Screw Extruder, Physical Properties, Spectroscopy, Thermal Properties
Abstract
Petroleum-derived plastics are widely used but pollute the environment significantly. The development of biodegradable plastics is urgently needed to be replaced. The mechanism for making bioplastic films from cassava starch-chitosan/glycerol uses a double-screw extruder process. The film took into account the multi-hydroxyl capacity of starch by combining glycerol (in a ratio of 3:1 w/w) and chitosan (at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% (w/w). The impact of chitosan involvement on the characteristics of the bioplastic material was studied, including physical, thermal, mechanical, and biodegradability properties. The findings showed that using chitosan as a filler in cassava starch bioplastics resulted in bioplastic films with high compressive capacity and water resistance. The resulting biopolymer’s contact angle was increased by including C-O functional groups in the molecule, as evidenced at a wavelength of 1028 cm-1 of the FTIR spectra. The contact angle was increased from theta = 65.3059 ± 2.7936◦ to theta = 68.6047 ± 3.2391◦. An increase in tensile strength was also observed, indicating increased stiffness compared to chitosan-free bioplastics. The best bioplastic blend was the formulation of cassava starch and glycerol containing 0.5% chitosan. Bioplastic has physical properties of density 0.8625 ± 0.0277 g/mL; contact angle 68.6046 ± 3.2391◦; water uptake 11.0660 ± 0.3709%; tensile strength 2.0181 ± 0.0594 MPa; elongation 54.2243 ± 3.2623%; thermal 137.5◦C; moisture content 4.9464 ± 0.1172%; and the fastest biodegradation rate. The bioplastic synthesized in this study is readily biodegradable in the natural environment, making it highly sustainable and more environmentally friendly, and it can be a viable substitute to reduce the use of petroleum-based bioplastic.
References
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AlMarzooqi, F., M. Bilad, B. Mansoor, and H. Arafat (2016). A Comparative Study of Image Analysis and Porometry Techniques for Characterization of Porous Membranes. Journal of Materials Science, 51(4); 2017–2032.
Baklagina, Y., V. Klechkovskaya, S. Kononova, V. Petrova, D. Poshina, A. Orekhov, and Y. Skorik (2018). Polymorphic Modifications of Chitosan. Crystallography Reports, 63(3); 303–313.
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Hao, Y., L. Cheng, X. Song, and Q. Gao (2023). Functional Properties and Characterization of Maize Starch Films Blended with Chitosan. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 36(12); 4977–4996.
Hasan, M., D. Gopakumar, N. Olaiya, F. Zarlaida, A. Alfian, C. Aprinasari, T. Alfatah, S. Rizal, and H. Khalil (2020). Evaluation of The Thermomechanical Properties and Biodegradation of Brown Rice Starch-Based Chitosan Biodegradable Composite Films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 156; 896–905.
Ibrahim, M., A. Edhirej, S. Sapuan, M. Jawaid, N. Ismarrubie, and R. Ilyas (2020). Extraction and Characterization of Malaysian Cassava Starch, Peel, and Bagasse, and Selected Properties of the Composites. In Biofiller-reinforced Biodegradable Polymer Composites. CRC Press, pages 267–283.
Jin, J., B. Luo, S. Xuan, P. Shen, P. Jin, Z. Wu, and Y. Zheng (2024). Degradable Chitosan-Based Bioplastic Packaging: Design, Preparation and Applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 266; 131253.
Kedir, W., A. Geletu, and G. Weldegirum (2024). Spider Web-Reinforced Chitosan/Starch Biopolymer for Active Biodegradable Food Packaging. Applied Food Research, 4(2); 100526.
Krainer, S. and U. Hirn (2021). Contact Angle Measurement on Porous Substrates: Effect of Liquid Absorption and Drop Size. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 619; 126503.
Luchese, C. L., J. M. F. Pavoni, N. Z. dos Santos, L. K. Quines, L. D. Pollo, J. C. Spada, and I. C. Tessaro (2018). Effect of Chitosan Addition on the Properties of Films Prepared with Corn and Cassava Starches. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 55(8); 2963–2973.
Maleki, G. and J. M. Milani (2020). Functional Properties of Chitin and Chitosan-Based Polymer Materials. In Handbook of Chitin and Chitosan. Elsevier, pages 177–198.
Marichelvam, M. K., M. Jawaid, and M. Asim (2019). Corn and Rice Starch-Based Bio-Plastics as Alternative Packaging Materials. Fibers, 7(32); 1–14.
Mason, P. E., G. W. Neilson, J. E. Enderby, M. L. Saboungi, and J. W. Brady (2005). Structure of Aqueous Glucose Solutions as Determined by Neutron Diffraction with Isotopic Substitution Experiments and Molecular Dynamics Calculations. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 109(27); 13104–13111.
Mawazi, S. M., M. Kumar, N. Ahmad, Y. Ge, and S. Mahmood (2024). Recent Applications of Chitosan and Its Derivatives in Antibacterial, Anticancer, Wound Healing, and Tissue Engineering Fields. Polymers, 16(10); 1351.
Mukuze, S., H. Magut, and F. L. Mkandawire (2019). Comparison of Fructose and Glycerol as Plasticizers in Cassava Bioplastic Production. Advanced Journal of Graduate Research, 6(1); 41–52.
Muthusamy, M. S. and S. Pramasivam (2019). Bioplastics – An Eco-Friendly Alternative to Petrochemical Plastics. Current World Environment, 14(1); 49–59.
Nissa, R. C., A. K. Fikriyyah, A. H. D. Abdullah, and S. Pudjiraharti (2019). Preliminary Study of Biodegradability of Starch-Based Bioplastics Using ASTM G21-70, Dip-Hanging, and Soil Burial Test Methods. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 277(1); 012007.
Othman, S. H., R. A. Shapi’i, and N. D. A. Ronzi (2024). Starch Biopolymer Films Containing Chitosan Nanoparticles: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 329; 121735.
Paradika, Y. P. M. (2017). Effect of Plasticizer and Chitosan Composition on the Plastic Biodegradable Quality from Starch Cassava Rubber (Manihot glaziovii) as Alternative Plastic. The 5th AASIC 2017; 83–88.
Pooja, N., I. Chakraborty, M. H. Rahman, and N. Mazumder (2023). An Insight on Sources and Biodegradation of Bioplastics: A Review. Biotech, 13(7); 220.
Saraf, S., A. Singh, and B. G. Desai (2019). Estimation of Porosity and Pore Size Distribution from Scanning Electron Microscope Image Data of Shale Samples: A Case Study on Jhuran Formation of Kachchh Basin, India. ASEG Extended Abstracts, 2019(1); 1–3.
Syuhada, M., S. A. Sofa, and E. Sedyadi (2020). The Effect of Cassava Peel Starch Addition to Bioplastic Biodegradation Based on Chitosan on Soil and River Water Media. Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry, 9(1); 7–13.
Utami, I., A. Nurmawati, E. B. Prasyanti, and J. Andrianto (2021). The Effect of Chitosan and Sorbitol Addition in The Bioplastics Production from Mung Bean Starch. In Widodo, M. Rifai, and C. Diocaris, editors, Nusantara Science and Technology Proceedings. Galaxy Science, page 14.
Van Chien, N., D. H. Yen, H. T. Phuong, P. Q. Trang, N. T. Diep, T. H. Huy, P. T. Phuong, and P. T. A. Tuyet (2024). Preparation of Bioplastic Materials Based on Thermoplastic Chitosan and Starch by Melting Mixing Method. Vietnam Journal of Chemistry, 62(S1); 1–7.
Vlacha, M., A. Giannakas, P. Katapodis, H. Stamatis, A. Ladavos, and N. M. Barkoula (2016). On The Efficiency of Oleic Acid as Plasticizer of Chitosan/Clay Nanocomposites and Its Role on Thermo-Mechanical, Barrier and Antimicrobial Properties – Comparison with Glycerol. Food Hydrocolloids, 57; 10–19.
Yang, Y., J. Xie, J. Wang, and W. Yu (2023). Preparation and Characterization of Bioplastics from Silylated Cassava Starch for Food Packaging Applications. Journal of Food Engineering, 332; 111229.
Zhou, W., J. Yu, L. Zhao, K. Wang, Z. Hu, J. Wu, and X. Liu (2024). Enhancement of Chitosan-Based Film Physicochemical and Storage Properties by Interaction with Proanthocyanidin and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 278; 134611.
Abdullah, A., O. Putri, A. Fikriyyah, R. Nissa, S. Hidayat, R. Septiyanto, M. Karina, and R. Satoto (2020b). Harnessing the Excellent Mechanical, Barrier and Antimicrobial Properties of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) to Improve the Performance of Starch-Based Bioplastic. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Materials, 59(12); 1259–1267.
Abdullah, A., O. Putri, and W. Sugandi (2019). Effects of Starch-Glycerol Concentration Ratio on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Cassava Starch-Based Bioplastics. Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia, 20(4); 162.
Agusman, D., D. Fransiska, Murdinah, T. Wahyuni, H. Irianto, P. Priambudi, A. Fateha, A. Abdullah, R. Nissa, B. Firdiana, and Nurhayati (2022). Physical Properties of Bioplastic Agar/Chitosan Blend. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 978(1); 012046.
Agusman, D., D. Fransiska, Nurhayati, H. Irianto, P. Priambudi, A. Abdullah, R. Nissa, P. Asri, N. Masruchin, B. Sedayu, A. Hakim, P. Wullandari, and W. Handoyo (2021). Effects of Water on Hydrophobization and Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Agar. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 715(1); 012057.
Albar, N., S. Anuar, A. Azmi, S. Soh, K. Bhubalan, Y. Ibrahim, W. Khalik, N. Abdullah, and N. Yahya (2024). Chemical, Mechanical, and Wettability Properties of Bioplastic Material from Manihot esculenta Cassava–Chitosan Blends as Plastic Alternative. Starch: Stärke; 2300278.
AlMarzooqi, F., M. Bilad, B. Mansoor, and H. Arafat (2016). A Comparative Study of Image Analysis and Porometry Techniques for Characterization of Porous Membranes. Journal of Materials Science, 51(4); 2017–2032.
Baklagina, Y., V. Klechkovskaya, S. Kononova, V. Petrova, D. Poshina, A. Orekhov, and Y. Skorik (2018). Polymorphic Modifications of Chitosan. Crystallography Reports, 63(3); 303–313.
Barik, M., G. BhagyaRaj, K. Dash, and R. Shams (2024). A Thorough Evaluation of Chitosan-Based Packaging Film and Coating for Food Product Shelf-Life Extension. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 16; 101164.
Brown, T., H. LeMay, B. Bursten, C. Murphy, P. Woodward, and M. Stoltzfus (2024). Chemistry the Central Science. LibreTexts TextMap of Brown & Lemay’s book, 14th edition. [Accessed September 4, 2024].
Cacique, P., M. Rios, I. Barbosa, and A. Wentz (2017). Bioplastics Production from Starch and Chitosan Blends. Revista Eletronica Perspectivas Da Ciencia e Tecnologia, 9; 46.
Contessa, C., G. da Rosa, C. Moraes, and J. d. M. Burkert (2023). Agar-Agar and Chitosan as Precursors in the Synthesis of Functional Film for Foods: A Review. Macromol, 3(2); 275–289.
Cravigan, L., M. Mallet, P. Vaattovaara, M. Harvey, C. Law, R. Modini, L. Russell, E. Stelcer, D. Cohen, G. Olsen, K. Safi, T. Burrell, and Z. Ristovski (2020). Sea Spray Aerosol Organic Enrichment, Water Uptake and Surface Tension Effects. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 20(13); 7955–7977.
Deng, Z., Z. Wu, X. Tan, F. Deng, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, and H. Zhang (2022). Preparation, Characterization and Antibacterial Property Analysis of Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) and Chitosan Nanoparticles Fine-Tuned Starch Film. Molecules, 27(23); 8542.
Ginting, M., M. Kristiani, Y. Amelia, and R. Hasibuan (2016). The Effect of Chitosan, Sorbitol, and Heating Temperature Bioplastic Solution on Mechanical Properties of Bioplastic from Durian Seed Starch (Durio zibehinus). International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 6(1); 33–38.
Ginting, M., M. Lubis, T. Sidabutar, and T. Sirait (2018). The Effect of Increasing Chitosan on the Characteristics of Bioplastic from Starch Talas (Colocasia esculenta) using Plasticizer Sorbitol. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 126; 012147.
Hao, Y., L. Cheng, X. Song, and Q. Gao (2023). Functional Properties and Characterization of Maize Starch Films Blended with Chitosan. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 36(12); 4977–4996.
Hasan, M., D. Gopakumar, N. Olaiya, F. Zarlaida, A. Alfian, C. Aprinasari, T. Alfatah, S. Rizal, and H. Khalil (2020). Evaluation of The Thermomechanical Properties and Biodegradation of Brown Rice Starch-Based Chitosan Biodegradable Composite Films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 156; 896–905.
Ibrahim, M., A. Edhirej, S. Sapuan, M. Jawaid, N. Ismarrubie, and R. Ilyas (2020). Extraction and Characterization of Malaysian Cassava Starch, Peel, and Bagasse, and Selected Properties of the Composites. In Biofiller-reinforced Biodegradable Polymer Composites. CRC Press, pages 267–283.
Jin, J., B. Luo, S. Xuan, P. Shen, P. Jin, Z. Wu, and Y. Zheng (2024). Degradable Chitosan-Based Bioplastic Packaging: Design, Preparation and Applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 266; 131253.
Kedir, W., A. Geletu, and G. Weldegirum (2024). Spider Web-Reinforced Chitosan/Starch Biopolymer for Active Biodegradable Food Packaging. Applied Food Research, 4(2); 100526.
Krainer, S. and U. Hirn (2021). Contact Angle Measurement on Porous Substrates: Effect of Liquid Absorption and Drop Size. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 619; 126503.
Luchese, C. L., J. M. F. Pavoni, N. Z. dos Santos, L. K. Quines, L. D. Pollo, J. C. Spada, and I. C. Tessaro (2018). Effect of Chitosan Addition on the Properties of Films Prepared with Corn and Cassava Starches. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 55(8); 2963–2973.
Maleki, G. and J. M. Milani (2020). Functional Properties of Chitin and Chitosan-Based Polymer Materials. In Handbook of Chitin and Chitosan. Elsevier, pages 177–198.
Marichelvam, M. K., M. Jawaid, and M. Asim (2019). Corn and Rice Starch-Based Bio-Plastics as Alternative Packaging Materials. Fibers, 7(32); 1–14.
Mason, P. E., G. W. Neilson, J. E. Enderby, M. L. Saboungi, and J. W. Brady (2005). Structure of Aqueous Glucose Solutions as Determined by Neutron Diffraction with Isotopic Substitution Experiments and Molecular Dynamics Calculations. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 109(27); 13104–13111.
Mawazi, S. M., M. Kumar, N. Ahmad, Y. Ge, and S. Mahmood (2024). Recent Applications of Chitosan and Its Derivatives in Antibacterial, Anticancer, Wound Healing, and Tissue Engineering Fields. Polymers, 16(10); 1351.
Mukuze, S., H. Magut, and F. L. Mkandawire (2019). Comparison of Fructose and Glycerol as Plasticizers in Cassava Bioplastic Production. Advanced Journal of Graduate Research, 6(1); 41–52.
Muthusamy, M. S. and S. Pramasivam (2019). Bioplastics – An Eco-Friendly Alternative to Petrochemical Plastics. Current World Environment, 14(1); 49–59.
Nissa, R. C., A. K. Fikriyyah, A. H. D. Abdullah, and S. Pudjiraharti (2019). Preliminary Study of Biodegradability of Starch-Based Bioplastics Using ASTM G21-70, Dip-Hanging, and Soil Burial Test Methods. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 277(1); 012007.
Othman, S. H., R. A. Shapi’i, and N. D. A. Ronzi (2024). Starch Biopolymer Films Containing Chitosan Nanoparticles: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 329; 121735.
Paradika, Y. P. M. (2017). Effect of Plasticizer and Chitosan Composition on the Plastic Biodegradable Quality from Starch Cassava Rubber (Manihot glaziovii) as Alternative Plastic. The 5th AASIC 2017; 83–88.
Pooja, N., I. Chakraborty, M. H. Rahman, and N. Mazumder (2023). An Insight on Sources and Biodegradation of Bioplastics: A Review. Biotech, 13(7); 220.
Saraf, S., A. Singh, and B. G. Desai (2019). Estimation of Porosity and Pore Size Distribution from Scanning Electron Microscope Image Data of Shale Samples: A Case Study on Jhuran Formation of Kachchh Basin, India. ASEG Extended Abstracts, 2019(1); 1–3.
Syuhada, M., S. A. Sofa, and E. Sedyadi (2020). The Effect of Cassava Peel Starch Addition to Bioplastic Biodegradation Based on Chitosan on Soil and River Water Media. Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry, 9(1); 7–13.
Utami, I., A. Nurmawati, E. B. Prasyanti, and J. Andrianto (2021). The Effect of Chitosan and Sorbitol Addition in The Bioplastics Production from Mung Bean Starch. In Widodo, M. Rifai, and C. Diocaris, editors, Nusantara Science and Technology Proceedings. Galaxy Science, page 14.
Van Chien, N., D. H. Yen, H. T. Phuong, P. Q. Trang, N. T. Diep, T. H. Huy, P. T. Phuong, and P. T. A. Tuyet (2024). Preparation of Bioplastic Materials Based on Thermoplastic Chitosan and Starch by Melting Mixing Method. Vietnam Journal of Chemistry, 62(S1); 1–7.
Vlacha, M., A. Giannakas, P. Katapodis, H. Stamatis, A. Ladavos, and N. M. Barkoula (2016). On The Efficiency of Oleic Acid as Plasticizer of Chitosan/Clay Nanocomposites and Its Role on Thermo-Mechanical, Barrier and Antimicrobial Properties – Comparison with Glycerol. Food Hydrocolloids, 57; 10–19.
Yang, Y., J. Xie, J. Wang, and W. Yu (2023). Preparation and Characterization of Bioplastics from Silylated Cassava Starch for Food Packaging Applications. Journal of Food Engineering, 332; 111229.
Zhou, W., J. Yu, L. Zhao, K. Wang, Z. Hu, J. Wu, and X. Liu (2024). Enhancement of Chitosan-Based Film Physicochemical and Storage Properties by Interaction with Proanthocyanidin and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 278; 134611.
Authors
Kusumawati, R., Syamdidi, Abdullah, A. H. D. ., Nissa, R. C., Firdiana, B., Handayani, R. ., Munifah, I. ., Dewi, F. R., Basmal, J., & Wibowo, S. (2025). Physical Properties of Biodegradable Chitosan-Cassava Starch Based Bioplastic Film Mechanics. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(1), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2025.10.1.191-200
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