Sonochemical Synthesis of Rutile Phase Copper-Doped Titanium Dioxide Coating on Fabric and Its Application in Antibacterial Testing of Staphylococcus aureus
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Keywords:
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Sonochemical, Fabric Coating, Antibacterial, Copper Dopant, Rutile-Phase Titanium Dioxide
Abstract
In recent years, the utilization of copper-doped titanium dioxide (Cu-TiO2) photocatalysts in antimicrobial activity has received intensive attention from researchers, especially during the COVID 19 pandemic. However, the common synthesis method of Cu-TiO2 such as the sol-gel method would not be applicable in the industrial processes because of the low production yield of the photocatalysts. Besides, anatase TiO2 is always arguable due to its high cost and less stable after a long synthesis process. Therefore, in this study, the sonochemical method was utilized to produce the Cu-TiO2 photocatalysts using TiO2 rutile as a precursor. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized photocatalysts were examined via several instrumental techniques. As evidenced by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, all the Cu-TiO2 samples were formed in the rutile phase. Diffuse reflectance ultraviolet-visible (DRUV-Vis) analysis results indicated the wavelength extension to the visible region upon Cu loading. The antibacterial properties of Cu-TiO2 photocatalysts were assessed via antibacterial testing using the Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus. The results indicated that the 5 mol% Cu-TiO2 achieved the highest antibacterial efficiency of 75.8% under visible light irradiation for 1 hour. The current findings suggest that the Cu-TiO2 photocatalysts could be produced via a straightforward and cost-effective synthesis method, which may continue with large-scale production and for application as an antimicrobial agent.
References
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Montero, D. A., C. Arellano, M. Pardo, R. Vera, R. Gálvez, M. Cifuentes, and R. M. Vidal (2019). Antimicrobial Properties of a Novel Copper-Based Composite Coating with Potential for Use in Healthcare Facilities. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 8(3); 1–10.
Park, H., D. H. Han, T. Goto, S. Cho, Y. Morimoto, and T. Sekino (2022). A Facile Bottom-Up Method for Synthesis of Peroxo-Potassium Titanate Nanoribbons and Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity Derived from a Peroxo Titanium Bond. Nanoscale Advances, 4; 3573.
Pinton, A. P. and L. O. S. Bulhões (2019). Synthesis, Characterization, and Photostability of Manganese-Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and the Effect of Manganese Content. Materials Research Express, 6; 125015.
Salah, I., I. P. Parkin, and E. Allan (2021). Copper as an Antimicrobial Agent: Recent Advances. RSC Advances, 11; 18179–18186.
Tang, J., F. Wei, L. Zhao, L. Yang, J. Li, Z. Sun, and B. Liu (2024). Superior Antibacterial Properties of Copper-Doped Titanium Oxide Films Prepared by Micro-Arc Oxidation. Ceramics International, 50(1, Part B); 1370–1378.
Temperton, R. H., A. Gibson, and J. N. O’Shea (2019). In Situ XPS Analysis of the Atomic Layer Deposition of Aluminium Oxide on Titanium Dioxide. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 21(3), 1393–1398.
Ahmadiasl, R., G. Moussavi, S. Shekoohiyan, and F. Razavian (2022). Synthesis of Cu-Doped TiO2 Nanocatalyst for the Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation and Mineralization of Gabapentin Under UVA/LED Irradiation: Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity. Catalysts, 12(11); 1310.
Alabdallah, N. M., S. M. Alluqmani, H. M. Almarri, and A. A. AL-Zahrani (2024). Physical, Chemical, and Biological Routes of Synthetic Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Their Crucial Role in Temperature Stress Tolerance in Plants. Heliyon, 10(4); e26537.
Aravind, M., M. Amalanathan, and M. M. M. Sony (2021). Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticles by Chemical and Green Synthesis Methods and Their Multifaceted Properties. SN Applied Sciences, 3; 409.
Aslam, M., A. Z. Abdullah, and M. Rafatullah (2021). Recent Development in the Green Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Plant-Based Biomolecules for Environmental and Antimicrobial Applications. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 98; 1–16.
Chen, J., J. Yan, and G. Gan (2019). The Effect of Cu Doping on the Transformation from Rutile to Anatase and Cu Occupation Tendency in TiO2 Solid Solution. Journal of Spectroscopy, 2019(1); 6470601.
El Nemr, A., E. Helmy, E. Gomaa, S. Eldafrawy, and M. Mousa (2019). Photocatalytic and Biological Activities of Undoped and Doped TiO2 Prepared by Green Method for Water Treatment. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 7(5); 103385.
Jarusheh, H. S., A. Yusuf, F. Banat, M. A. Haija, and G. Palmisano (2022). Integrated Photocatalytic Technologies in Water Treatment Using Ferrites Nanoparticles. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 10(5); 108204.
Jassal, P. S., D. Kaur, R. Prasad, and J. Singh (2022). Green Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: Development and Applications. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 10; 100361.
Jawad, A. J. and A. E. Jassim (2020). Effect of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) on Rheological Characteristics Behavior of Poly Vinyl Acetate (PVAc). Nano World Journal, 6(3); 61–65.
Jhuang, Y. and W. Cheng (2016). Fabrication and Characterization of Silver/Titanium Dioxide Composite Nanoparticles in Ethylene Glycol with Alkaline Solution Through Sonochemical Process. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 28; 327–333.
Kayani, Z. N., M. Ashfaq, S. Riaz, and S. Naseem (2022). Impact of Cu on Structural, Optical, Dielectric Properties and Antibacterial Activity of TiO2 Thin Films. Optical Materials, 132; 112809.
Koh, P. W., M. H. M. Hatta, S. T. Ong, L. Yuliati, and S. L. Lee (2017). Photocatalytic Degradation of Photosensitizing and Non-Photosensitizing Dyes Over Chromium Doped Titania Photocatalysts Under Visible Light. Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, A: Chemistry, 332; 215–223.
Koh, P. W., C. Y. Leong, L. Yuliati, H. Nur, and S. L. Lee (2020). Role of Vanadia and Titania Phases in the Removal of Methylene Blue by Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 24(6); 1045–1060.
Koh, P. W., L. Yuliati, and S. L. Lee (2019). Kinetics and Optimization Studies of Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Over Cr-Doped TiO2 Using Response Surface Methodology. Iran Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science, 43(1); 95–103.
Leong, C. Y., H. L. Teh, M. C. Chen, and S. L. Lee (2022). Effect of Synthesis Methods on Properties of Copper Oxide Doped Titanium Dioxide Photocatalyst in Dye Photodegradation of Rhodamine B. Science & Technology Indonesia, 7(1); 91–97.
Leong, C. Y., R. A. Wahab, S. L. Lee, V. K. Ponnusamy, and Y.-H. Chen (2023). Current Perspectives of Metal-Based Nanomaterials as Photocatalytic Antimicrobial Agents and Their Therapeutic Modes of Action: A Review. Environmental Research, 227; 115578.
Ma, S., X. Li, J. Kong, X. Yu, and X. Bai (2024). Light-Triggered Bactericidal Semiconductor Nanomaterials: Classification, Modification and Antibacterial Strategies. Applied Materials Today, 39; 102279.
Margaretta, D. O., K. W. Permadi, D. Y. Rahman, F. D. Utami, S. Viridi, and M. Abdullah (2019). Antibacterial Investigation Activity of Titania Anatase Technical Grade on Polypropylene Sheet. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1204; 012051.
Mathew, S., P. Ganguly, S. Rhatigan, V. Kumaravel, C. Byrne, S. Hinder, and E. McKenna (2018). Cu-Doped TiO2: Visible Light Assisted Photocatalytic Antimicrobial Activity. Applied Sciences, 8(11); 2067.
Montero, D. A., C. Arellano, M. Pardo, R. Vera, R. Gálvez, M. Cifuentes, and R. M. Vidal (2019). Antimicrobial Properties of a Novel Copper-Based Composite Coating with Potential for Use in Healthcare Facilities. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 8(3); 1–10.
Park, H., D. H. Han, T. Goto, S. Cho, Y. Morimoto, and T. Sekino (2022). A Facile Bottom-Up Method for Synthesis of Peroxo-Potassium Titanate Nanoribbons and Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity Derived from a Peroxo Titanium Bond. Nanoscale Advances, 4; 3573.
Pinton, A. P. and L. O. S. Bulhões (2019). Synthesis, Characterization, and Photostability of Manganese-Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and the Effect of Manganese Content. Materials Research Express, 6; 125015.
Salah, I., I. P. Parkin, and E. Allan (2021). Copper as an Antimicrobial Agent: Recent Advances. RSC Advances, 11; 18179–18186.
Tang, J., F. Wei, L. Zhao, L. Yang, J. Li, Z. Sun, and B. Liu (2024). Superior Antibacterial Properties of Copper-Doped Titanium Oxide Films Prepared by Micro-Arc Oxidation. Ceramics International, 50(1, Part B); 1370–1378.
Temperton, R. H., A. Gibson, and J. N. O’Shea (2019). In Situ XPS Analysis of the Atomic Layer Deposition of Aluminium Oxide on Titanium Dioxide. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 21(3), 1393–1398.
Authors
Chew, Y. B., Ling, C. M., Koh, P. W., Chew, C. S., & Lee, S. L. (2025). Sonochemical Synthesis of Rutile Phase Copper-Doped Titanium Dioxide Coating on Fabric and Its Application in Antibacterial Testing of Staphylococcus aureus. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(2), 605–613. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2025.10.2.605-613
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