Anti-Photoaging Effects of Moisturizer and Serum Containing Andrographis paniculata, Syzygium aromaticum, and Pogostemon cablin: A Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and in vivo Study
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Keywords:
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Andrographis Extract, Clove Oil, Network Pharmacology, Patchouli Oil, Photoaging
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B (UVB)-induced photoaging accelerates collagen degradation, disrupts dermal structure, and compromises epidermal integrity. Natural extracts, such as Andrographis paniculata, Syzygium aromaticum, and Pogostemon cablin demonstrated antioxidant and anti-aging properties to mitigate these damages. This study investigated the protective effects of serum and moisturizer containing A. paniculata extract, S. aromaticum oil, and P. cablin oil on UVB-induced photoaging rats, by integrating network pharmacology and in vivo experiment. Compounds and photoaging-associated targets were retrieved through online databases. Enrichment analyses were performed using Metascape. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) construction and herbs-compounds-targets-pathways disease network were performed using STRING and Cytoscape 3.10.0, respectively, followed by molecular docking. An in vivo study was conducted to evaluate epidermal thickness, collagen density, and dermo-epidermal junction (DEJ) structure. Eleven key phytoconstituents and twelve core targets were identified in anti-photoaging molecular mechanisms using network pharmacology. Molecular docking analysis revealed that 7-O-methylwogonin demonstrated favorable binding against ten photoaging-associated targets. KEGG enrichment analysis showed potential inflammation processes inhibition, including photocarcinogenesis, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, and TNF-α expression. Furthermore, treatment with serum, moisturizer, or combination of both significantly reduced epidermal thickening and enhanced collagen density compared to the UVB-exposed only group. Although no significant difference was observed in DEJ interdigitation index across groups, treated groups exhibited a trend towards better preservation of DEJ structure relative to the UVB group. In summary, serum and moisturizer containing A. paniculata, S. aromaticum, and P. cablin extracts demonstrated potential anti-photoaging effects by reducing epidermal thickness and preserving collagen density in UVB-exposed rats. These findings support these botanical-based formulations potential as effective anti-aging skincare.
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Chmielewski, R. and A. Lesiak (2024). Mitigating Glycation and Oxidative Stress in Aesthetic Medicine: Hyaluronic Acid and Trehalose Synergy for Anti-AGEs Action in Skin Aging Treatment. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 17; 2701–2712.
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Daina, A., O. Michielin, and V. Zoete (2017). SwissADME: A Free Web Tool to Evaluate Pharmacokinetics, Drug-Likeness and Medicinal Chemistry Friendliness of Small Molecules. Scientific Reports, 7(1); 42717.
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Ferreira, M. S., M. C. Magalhães, R. Oliveira, J. M. Sousa Lobo, and I. F. Almeida (2021). Trends in the Use of Botanicals in Anti-Aging Cosmetics. Molecules, 26(12).
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Fruman, D. A., H. Chiu, B. D. Hopkins, S. Bagrodia, L. C. Cantley, and R. T. Abraham (2017). The PI3K Pathway in Human Disease. Cell, 170(4); 605–635.
Fuller, B. (2019). Role of PGE-2 and Other Inflammatory Mediators in Skin Aging and Their Inhibition by Topical Natural Anti-Inflammatories. Cosmetics, 6(1); 6.
Galovičová, L., P. Borotová, V. Valková, H. Ďúranová, J. Štefániková, N. L. Vukovic, M. Vukic, and M. Kačániová (2022). Biological Activity of Pogostemon cablin Essential Oil and Its Potential Use for Food Preservation. Agronomy, 12(2); 387.
Gao, X., F. Luo, and H. Zhao (2021). Cloves Regulate Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase to Exert Antioxidant Effect and Inhibit UVB Light-Induced Skin Damage in Mice. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 1; 5197919.
Gong, M., P. Zhang, C. Li, X. Ma, and D. Yang (2018). Protective Mechanism of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Remodelling of the Skin Stem Cell Niche During Photoaging. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 51(5); 2456–2471.
Han, M., H. Li, D. Ke, L. M. Tian, Y. Hong, C. Zhang, D. Z. Tian, L. Chen, L. R. Zhan, and S. Q. Zong (2022a). Mechanism of Ba Zhen Tang Delaying Skin Photoaging Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 15; 763–781.
Han, S. H., E. Ballinger, S. Y. Choung, and J. Y. Kwon (2022b). Anti-Photoaging Effect of Hydrolysates from Pacific Whiting Skin via MAPK/AP-1, NF-kB, TGF-β/Smad, and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway in UVB-Induced Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Marine Drugs, 20(5); 308.
Hani, R., L. Khayat, A. A. Rahman, and N. Alaaeddine (2023). Effect of Stem Cell Secretome in Skin Rejuvenation: A Narrative Review. Molecular Biology Reports, 50(9); 7745–7758.
Harnelly, E., A. H. Halym, N. Isnaini, K. Khairan, Z. Zulkarnain, A. Syahraini, W. Sari, H. Maghfira, S. Muhammad, R. Idrus, and M. El-Shazly (2025). Protective Effects of Crude and Light Fraction Patchouli Oil Against UVB-Induced Dermal Aging in Mice: In Silico and In Vivo Study. Trends in Sciences, 22(12); 10723.
Hema, K., S. Ahamad, H. K. Joon, R. Pandey, and D. Gupta (2021). Atomic Resolution Homology Models and Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Plasmodium falciparum Tubulins. ACS Omega, 6(27); 17510–17522.
Huang, J., Y. Gong, K. Liu, J. Chen, and X. Zhou (2023). Anti-Photoaging Properties of Asiaticoside in Ultraviolet A-Irradiated Human Dermal Fibroblasts by Activating the PI3K-AKT Pathway and Inhibiting the NF-kB Pathway. Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine, 000(000); 319337.
Hwang, E., P. Lin, H. T. T. Ngo, and T. H. Yi (2018). Clove Attenuates UVB-Induced Photodamage and Repairs Skin Barrier Function in Hairless Mice. Food and Function, 9(9); 4936–4947.
Intharuksa, A., W. Arunotayanun, W. Yooin, and P. Sirisa-ard (2022). A Comprehensive Review of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees and Its Constituents as Potential Lead Compounds for COVID-19 Drug Discovery. Molecules, 27(14); 4479.
Jain, A. N. and A. Nicholls (2008). Recommendations for Evaluation of Computational Methods. Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design, 22(3–4); 133–139.
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Authors
Adianingsih, O. R., Johan, C. K., Widarson, Ravsanjani, E. A. N., Sutiyono, B. A., Qurrotuain, I., Yurina, V., Puspita, O. E., Widasmara, D., Saitama, A., & Hariyono, D. (2026). Anti-Photoaging Effects of Moisturizer and Serum Containing Andrographis paniculata, Syzygium aromaticum, and Pogostemon cablin: A Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and in vivo Study. Science and Technology Indonesia, 11(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2026.11.1.19-34
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