Enhancing Scattering Strength Improvement and Color Uniformity in White Light-Emitting Diodes Using High Concentration of Yttrium Oxide
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Keywords:
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YAG:Ce3 , LEDs, Lumen Output, Color Quality, Y2O3
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of yttrium oxide (Y2O3) doping on the phase evolution of barium titanate (BaTiO3), a key dielectric material used in multilayer ceramic capacitors (MSCCs). Two types of starting powders were examined: pure BaTiO3 and a commercial X7R composition containing 1 wt% Y2O3. Using the solid-state method under high temperature, Y2O3 was added in varying amounts, and the powders were processed under controlled sintering conditions to evaluate its influence on phase formation. The resulting ceramics were characterized to determine formational alterations as well as the potential generation of secondary phases. Increasing Y2O3 content led to a transmutation from the tetragon structure to a merger between tetragon as well as cubic phases. The commercial X7R powder exhibited greater densificating process, surpassing pure BaTiO3 and formed a cuboid formation under greater Y2O3 concentrations. Notably, the sample doped with 20 wt% Y2O3 produced the Ba6Ti17O40 phase, augmenting scattering capacity and color uniformity. These findings clarify the role of Y2O3 in phase evolution and highlight its implications for optimizing BaTiO3-based MSCC materials.
References
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Tang, Q., N. Guo, Y. Xin, W. Li, B. Shao, and R. Ouyang (2022). Luminous Tuning in Eu3+/Mn4+ Co-Doped Double Perovskite Structure by Designing the Site-Occupancy Strategy for Solid-State Lighting and Optical Temperature Sensing. Materials Research Bulletin, 149; 111704
That, P. T. and N. Đ. Q. Anh (2021). Green Ca2La2BO6.5: Pb2+ Phosphor: An Innovative Solution in Enhancing the Color Quality and Luminous Flux of WLEDs. TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control), 19(5); 1630–1635
That, P. T., N. T. P. Loan, L. V. Tho, N. D. Q. Anh, H.-Y. Liao, G.-F. Luo, and L. Hsiao-Yi (2020). Enhancing Color Quality of WLEDs with Dual-Layer Remote Phosphor Geometry. Materials Science Poland, 38(4); 667–674
Thi, M. H. N., P. T. That, and N. D. Q. Anh (2020). Eu2+-Activated Strontium-Barium Silicate: A Positive Solution for Improving Luminous Efficacy and Color Uniformity of White Light-Emitting Diodes. Materials Science-Poland, 38(4); 594–600
Thi, M. H. N., P. T. That, and N. D. Q. Anh (2021). The Impacts of Red-Emitting Phosphor Mg8Ge2O11F2: Mn4+ on the Color Rendering Index of Convex-Dual-Layer Remote Phosphor WLEDs at 5600 K. TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control), 19(3); 950–956
Thuy, L. X., H. T. Tung, L. T. Dat, and N. L. M. Nhan (2025). Performance of ZnS and ZnSe Doped on Cu2+ for Photovoltaic Devices. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(3); 952–957
Tung, H., B. Minh, N. Thai, H. Lee, and N. Anh (2024a). ZnO Particles As Scattering Centers to Optimize Color Production and Lumen Efficiencies of Warm White LEDs. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials-Rapid Communications, 18; 283–288
Tung, H. T., N. T. P. Loan, and N. D. Q. Anh (2024b). The Enhancement Chromatic Uniformity and Illuminating Flux of WLEDs with Dual-Layer Phosphorus Configuration. In International Conference on Advanced Engineering Theory and Applications. Springer, pages 167–174
Anh, N. and H. Lee (2024). Titanium Dioxide in Vanadate Red Phosphor Compound for Conventional White Light Emitting Diodes. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials-Rapid Communications, 18(September-October 2024); 480–484
Anh, N. D. Q. (2024). Nano Scattering Particle: An Approach to Improve Quality of the Commercial LED. Journal of Science and Technology, 22(3); 53–57
Anh, N. D. Q. and H. V. Ngoc (2020). Building Superior Lighting Properties for WLEDs Utilizing Two-Layered Remote Phosphor Configurations. Materials Science-Poland, 38(3); 493–501
Con, P., L. Thuy, N. Loan, H. Lee, and N. A. Anh (2024). ZnO-Doped Yellow Phosphor Compound for Enhancing Phosphor-Conversion Layer’s Performance in White LEDs. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials-Rapid Communications, 18; 389–395
Cong, P. and N. Anh (2025). Augmenting Chroma Performance for WLED Employing Sr8ZnSc(PO4)7: Eu2+@SiO2 as a Scattering-Enhancing Substance. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(2); 467–472
Dang, H. P., N. T. P. Loan, N. T. K. Chung, and N. D. Q. Anh (2021a). The Study of Convex-Dual-Layer Remote Phosphor Geometry in Upgrading WLEDs Color Rendering Index. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 11(5); 3890–3896
Dang, H. P., P. T. That, and N. D. Q. Anh (2021b). Utilizing CaCO3, CaF2, SiO2, and TiO2 Phosphors as Approaches to the Improved Color Uniformity and Lumen Efficacy of WLEDs. TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control), 19(2); 623–630
Dang, N. H. S., D. M. T. Nguyen, T. P. L. Nguyen, D. Q. A. Nguyen, and H.-Y. Lee (2021c). Enhance WLEDs Performance with Additional Phosphor Materials in Multi-Layer Remote Structure. Journal of Advanced Engineering and Computation, 5(3); 167–176
Hadi, D. S., H. Wafda, A. P. A. Mustari, V. Trisnawan, N. Widiawati, F. Miftasani, and D. H. Prajitno (2025). Corrosion Behavior of Modified F/M Steel with Ti and Dispersed Oxides: Y2O3 and ZrO2 Under High Temperature in Static Liquid Lead. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(3); 877–888
Hou, B., X. Wang, R. Tang, W. Zhong, M. Zhu, Z. Tan, and C. Wang (2025). The Study on the Electrochemical Efficiency of Yttrium-Doped High-Entropy Perovskite Cathodes for Proton-Conducting Fuel Cells. Materials, 18(15); 3569
Le, P., N. Anh, and H. Lee (2024). Regulating the White LED Properties with Different SiO2 Particle Sizes. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials-Rapid Communications, 18(9-10); 485–489
Li, H., R. Pang, Y. Luo, H. Wu, S. Zhang, L. Jiang, D. Li, C. Li, and H. Zhang (2019). Structural Micromodulation on Bi3+-Doped Ba2Ga2GeO7 Phosphor with Considerable Tunability of the Defect-Oriented Optical Properties. ACS Applied Electronic Materials, 1(2); 229–237
Li, Z., Y. Tang, J. Li, C. Wu, X. Ding, and B. Yu (2018). High Color Uniformity of White Light-Emitting Diodes Using Chip-Scaled Package. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 30(11); 989–992
Limbu, S., L. R. Singh, and G. S. Okram (2020). The Effect of Lithium on Structural and Luminescence Performance of Tunable Light-Emitting Nanophosphors for White LEDs. RSC Advances, 10(59); 35619–35635
Lissner, I. and P. Urban (2011). Toward a Unified Color Space for Perception-Based Image Processing. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 21(3); 1153–1168
Liu, Z.-Y., C. Li, B.-H. Yu, Y.-H. Wang, and H.-B. Niu (2012). Effects of YAG:Ce Phosphor Particle Size on Luminous Flux and Angular Color Uniformity of Phosphor-Converted White LEDs. Journal of Display Technology, 8(6); 329–335
Loan, N. and N. Anh (2021). Enhancing Optical Performance of Dual-Layer Remote Phosphor Structures with the Application of LaAsO4: Eu3+ and Y2O4: Ho3+. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials-Rapid Communications, 15(1-2); 71–78
Ma, B., K. Ma, X. Qin, Y. Xi, J. Zhang, X. Yang, P. Yang, and W. Liu (2025). Effect of Hafnium-Based Thin Film Thickness on Microstructure and Electrical of Yttrium-Doped Hafnium Oxide Ferroelectric Devices Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering. Micromachines, 16(9); 1066
Pham, V. T., N. H. Phan, G.-F. Luo, H.-Y. Lee, and D. Q. A. Nguyen (2021). The Application of Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 and Titania TiO2 for Color Homogeneity and Luminous Flux Enhancement in PC-LEDs. Journal of Advanced Engineering and Computation, 5(2); 75–82
Rianjanu, A., T. Haloho, J. L. Pasaribu, A. G. Fahmi, E. Nurfani, W. S. Sipahutar, H. T. Yudistira, and T. Taher (2025). Electrospun Rare-Earth Metal Oxide (CeO2) Nanofiber for the Degradation of Congo Red Aqueous Dyes. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(1); 123–130
Shi, X., Y. Chen, G. Li, K. Qiang, Q. Mao, L. Pei, M. Liu, and J. Zhong (2023). Designing a Dual-Wavelength Excitation Eu3+/Mn4+ Co-Doped Phosphors for High-Sensitivity Luminescence Thermometry. Ceramics International, 49(12); 20839–20848
Tang, Q., N. Guo, Y. Xin, W. Li, B. Shao, and R. Ouyang (2022). Luminous Tuning in Eu3+/Mn4+ Co-Doped Double Perovskite Structure by Designing the Site-Occupancy Strategy for Solid-State Lighting and Optical Temperature Sensing. Materials Research Bulletin, 149; 111704
That, P. T. and N. Đ. Q. Anh (2021). Green Ca2La2BO6.5: Pb2+ Phosphor: An Innovative Solution in Enhancing the Color Quality and Luminous Flux of WLEDs. TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control), 19(5); 1630–1635
That, P. T., N. T. P. Loan, L. V. Tho, N. D. Q. Anh, H.-Y. Liao, G.-F. Luo, and L. Hsiao-Yi (2020). Enhancing Color Quality of WLEDs with Dual-Layer Remote Phosphor Geometry. Materials Science Poland, 38(4); 667–674
Thi, M. H. N., P. T. That, and N. D. Q. Anh (2020). Eu2+-Activated Strontium-Barium Silicate: A Positive Solution for Improving Luminous Efficacy and Color Uniformity of White Light-Emitting Diodes. Materials Science-Poland, 38(4); 594–600
Thi, M. H. N., P. T. That, and N. D. Q. Anh (2021). The Impacts of Red-Emitting Phosphor Mg8Ge2O11F2: Mn4+ on the Color Rendering Index of Convex-Dual-Layer Remote Phosphor WLEDs at 5600 K. TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control), 19(3); 950–956
Thuy, L. X., H. T. Tung, L. T. Dat, and N. L. M. Nhan (2025). Performance of ZnS and ZnSe Doped on Cu2+ for Photovoltaic Devices. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(3); 952–957
Tung, H., B. Minh, N. Thai, H. Lee, and N. Anh (2024a). ZnO Particles As Scattering Centers to Optimize Color Production and Lumen Efficiencies of Warm White LEDs. Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials-Rapid Communications, 18; 283–288
Tung, H. T., N. T. P. Loan, and N. D. Q. Anh (2024b). The Enhancement Chromatic Uniformity and Illuminating Flux of WLEDs with Dual-Layer Phosphorus Configuration. In International Conference on Advanced Engineering Theory and Applications. Springer, pages 167–174
Authors
Cong, P. H. ., Loan, N. T. P., & Tung, H. T. (2026). Enhancing Scattering Strength Improvement and Color Uniformity in White Light-Emitting Diodes Using High Concentration of Yttrium Oxide. Science and Technology Indonesia, 11(1), 174–181. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2026.11.1.174-181
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