Effect of Plasticizer and Concentration on Characteristics of Bioplastic Based on Cellulose Acetate from Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) Fiber
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Keywords:
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Bioplastic, Gliserol, Kapok Fiber, Celulosae Asetate, Sorbitol
Abstract
The synthetic plastics that made from petroleum material have been widely used in all industrial sectors. They cause some serious problems for the environment. There are semi-synthetic plastics or biodegradable plastics which are made from natural polymers such as cellulose to mitigate this problem. Biodegradable plastics can fulfill the needs of society because they can be decomposed easily into the environment. This research used laboratory experimental methods through several processes: kapok fiber isolation, cellulose acetate production and purification, and manufacture of bioplastics. The characteristics of bioplastics was analyzed using some parameters such as density, tensile strength, elongation, Young's modulus, water absorption, biodegradability, compound group analysis using Fouier-Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) and bioplastic morphology analysis by using Scanning electrone microscopy (SEM). This study aimed to determine the effect of the plasticizer type and concentration on the bioplastics characteristics that was divided into several different concentrations of glycerol and sorbitol plasticizers (20%, 30%, and 40%). The fabrication of composite bioplastics used the cellulose acetat from kapok fiber, starch, and types of plasticizer (glycerol, and sorbitol). The results of the study showed that the addition of different plasticizers, such as glycerol and sorbitol gave distinct effects on the bioplastics product characteristics. The optimum concentration of glycerol addition affected the bioplastic characteristics with the best results were 40% concentration generate density of 0.836 g/mL, tensile strength of 0.818 MPa, water absorption value of 22.23%, and degradation plastic mass about 39.7%. The addition of sorbitol also affected the bioplastic characteristics, where the best results were 40% concentration produced bioplastic density of 0.941 g/mL, percent elongation at 3.94%, young’s modulus of 0.726 MPa, and degradarion mass of 32.05%. The morphology of bioplastic showed the high homogeneity on concentrations of 40% glycerol and 30% sorbitol.
References
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Lopes, J. d. O., R. A. Garcia, and N. D. d. Souza (2018). In- fraRed Spectroscopy of the Surface of Thermally-Modified Teak Juvenile Wood. Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología, 20(4); 737–746
Maghfur, M. I. (2015). Synthesis and Characterization of Ed- ible Film from Shrimp Skin Waste, Aloe Vera and Sorbitol as Alternative Food Packaging. Master’s thesis
Maneking, E., H. F. Sangian, and S. H. J. Tongkukut (2020). Production and Characterization of Bioplastics Based on Biomass with Glycerol Plasticizer. Jurnal MIPA, 9(1); 23– 27
Mardiyati, M., R. R. Rizkiansyah, S. Steven, A. Basuki, and R. Suratman (2018). Kapok Fiber as Raw Material for Mak- ing Microcrystalline Cellulose. Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia, 17(4); 172–177
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Ningsih, S. H. (2015). Effect of Glycerol Plasticizer on Edible Film Characteristics of Mixed Whey and Agar. Ph.D. thesis
Nurhayati, N. and R. Kusumawati (2014). Sintesis Selulosa Asetat dari Limbah Pengolahan Agar. Synthesis of Cellulose Acetate from Agar Processing Waste, 9(2); 97–107
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Pratiwi, R., D. Rahayu, and M. I. Barliana (2016). Utilization of Cellulose from Rice Straw Waste (Oryza sativa) as Bio- plastic Material. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 3(3); 83–91
Purnawati, R., F. Febrianto, N. J. Wistara, S. Nikmatin, S. Sudirman, and M. Marwanto (2018). Application of Kapok and Balsa Fibers with Alkali Treatment as Composite Reinforcing Materials. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis, 16(1); 23–33
Rahmatullah, R., R. W. Putri, A. M. Rainadi, A. Permatasari, and M. Y. Pratama (2020). Effect of Reaction Time and Glycerol Additives on the Synthesis of Cellulose Acetate as a Bioplastic Base Material from Kapok Fiber. Jurnal Dinamika Penelitian Industri, 31(1); 34–41
Ratnawati, S. (2020). Processing of Plastic Waste Into Alterna- tive Fuels in The Form of Grounded (Pertalasic) Therough
Pirolysis Process in Science Laboratory of MTsN 3 West Aceh. Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science and Technology (IJCST), 3(1); 8–16
Rifaldi, A., I. Hs, and B. Bahruddin (2017). Sago Starch Based Bioplastic Properties and Morphology with Addition of Clay Filler and Glycerol Plasticizer. Jurnal Jom Teknik, 4(1); 1–7
Riza, M., S. Darmadi, and N. Abidah (2013). Synthesis of Biodegradable Plastics from Sago Starch with Glycerol and Sorbitol as Plasticizers. In Seminar nasional kimia dan pen- didikan kimia V
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Sanyang, M. L., S. M. Sapuan, M. Jawaid, M. R. Ishak, and J. Sahari (2015). Effect of Plasticizer Type and Consentra- tion on Tansile, Themal and Barrier Properties of Biodegrad- able Films Based on Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnata) Starch. Polymers, 7(6); 1106–1124
Setiawan, H., R. Faizal, and A. Amrullah (2015). Determi- nation of Optimum Conditions for Modifying the Con- centration of Plasticizer Sorbitol PVA in the Synthesis of Biodegradable Plastics Based on Sorghum Starch and Chi- tosan Shrimp Shell Waste. Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi, 13(1); 29–38
Siregar, B. A. S. (2009). Characterization and Biodegradation of Poly Alloy (Styrofoam-Starch) with Poly Lactic Acid as a Biocom- patible Material. Master’s thesis
Sitompul, A. J. W. S. and E. Zubaidah (2017). Effect of Type and Concentration of Plasticizer on Physical Properties of Kolang Kaling (Arenga pinnata) Edible Film. Jurnal Pangan dan Agroindustri, 5(1); 17–18
Tamiogy, W. R., A. Kardisa, H. Hisbullah, and S. Aprilia (2019). Utilization of Cellulose from Betel Peel Waste as a Filler in the Making of Bioplastics. Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia and Lingkungan, 14(1); 63–71
Unsa, L. K. and G. A. Paramastri (2018). Kajian jenis plasti- cizer campuran gliserol dan sorbitol terhadap sintesis dan karakterisasi edible film pati bonggol pisang sebagai penge- mas buah apel. Jurnal Kompetensi Teknik, 10(1); 35–47
Wahyuni, S., P. Ningsih, and R. Ratman (2017). Utilization of Kapok Seed Activated Charcoal (Ceiba Pentandra l.) as an Adsorbent for Lead (Pb). Jurnal Akademika Kimia, 5(4); 191–196
Andaka, G. (2016). Synthesis of Furfural From Kapok Fruit Peel With Hydrochloric Acid Catalyst. Jurnal Teknologi Technoscientia, 9(1); 32–38
Ardiansyah, R. (2011). Utilization of Root form Garut for the manufacture of biodegradable plastic. Master’s thesis
Azizaturrohmah, A. (2019). Comparison of Glycerol and Sor- bitol Plasticizers in Sago Starch Bioplastics (Metroxylon sp.) with the Addition of Sweet Orange Peel Oil (Citrus Sinensis L.) as Antioxidants. Ph.D. thesis, UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya
Chaiarrekij, S., A. Apirakchaiskul, K. Suvarnakich, and S. Ki- atkamjornwong (2012). Kapok I : Characteristics of Kapok Fiber as a Potential Pulp Source for Papermaking. BioRe- sources, 7(1); 0475–0488
da Rosa Zavareze, E., V. Z. Pinto, B. Klein, S. L. M. El Ha- lal, M. C. Elias, C. Prentice-Hernández, and A. R. G. Dias (2012). Development of Oxidised and Heat-moisture Treated Potato Starch Film. Food Chemistry, 132(1); 344– 350
Darni, Y., H. Utami, et al. (2017). Application of Sorghum Stem Filler in Bioplastic Synthesis with PEG-400 Plasticizer and Palmitic Acid. Jurnal UAD Chemica, 4(2); 39–45
Febrila, P. Z. (2019). Catalytic Study of Kapok Randu (Ceiba Pentandra) Leaf Extract for Treating Heartburn. Journal of Chemical, 1(1); 1–25
Haryono, H., S. Solihudin, E. Ernawati, and F. Arifiadi (2019). Biodiesel from Kapok Seed Oil (Ceiba Pentandra) Ozonized Through Ultrasonic Assisted Process. Jurnal Teknik Kimia, 13(2); 61–66
Intan, D. H. and A. Wan (2011). Tensile and Water Absorb- tion of Biodegradable Composites Derived from Cassava Skin/Polyvinil Alcohol with Glycerol as Plsticizer. Sains Malaysia, 40(1); 713–718
Isnaini, S. U. N. (2019). Pengaruh Penambahan Sorbitol Ter- hadap Karakteristik Plastik Biodegradable Berbahan Selulosa Dari Cangkang Buah Nipah (Nypa fruticans). Ph.D. thesis, UIN Walisongo
Jambeck, J. R., R. Geyer, C. Wilcox, T. R. Siegler, M. Per- ryman, A. Andrady, R. Narayan, and K. L. Law (2015). Plastic Waste Inputs from Land Into The Ocean. Science, 347(6223); 768–771
Jannah, M. (2017). Determination of the Optimum Concentration of Rice Husk Cellulose in Making Bioplastic Films. Ph.D. thesis, Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar
Kathomdani, P. D. S. (2018). Kraft Pulp From Kapok And Pineapple Leaf Fiber As Raw Material For Special Paper. Jurnal Dinamika Penelitian Industri, 29(2); 108–119
Kinney, T., C. Masiello, B. Dugan, W. Hockaday, M. Dean, K. Zygourakis, and R. Barnes (2012). Hydrologic Properties of Biochars Produced at Different Temperatures. Biomass
and Bioenergy, 41(30); 34–43
Kumar, A., Y. S. Negi, V. Choudhary, and N. K. Bhardwaj
(2014). Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals Produced by Acid-Hydrolysis from Sugarcane Bagasse as Agro-Waste. Journal of Materials Physics and Chemistry, 2(1); 1–8
Lestari, P. A. (2015). Utilization of Kapok Seed Meal (Ceiba Pentandra) as a Mixture of Husk briquettes. Journal of Chem- istry, 4(1); 1–5
Lopes, J. d. O., R. A. Garcia, and N. D. d. Souza (2018). In- fraRed Spectroscopy of the Surface of Thermally-Modified Teak Juvenile Wood. Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología, 20(4); 737–746
Maghfur, M. I. (2015). Synthesis and Characterization of Ed- ible Film from Shrimp Skin Waste, Aloe Vera and Sorbitol as Alternative Food Packaging. Master’s thesis
Maneking, E., H. F. Sangian, and S. H. J. Tongkukut (2020). Production and Characterization of Bioplastics Based on Biomass with Glycerol Plasticizer. Jurnal MIPA, 9(1); 23– 27
Mardiyati, M., R. R. Rizkiansyah, S. Steven, A. Basuki, and R. Suratman (2018). Kapok Fiber as Raw Material for Mak- ing Microcrystalline Cellulose. Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia, 17(4); 172–177
Nahir, N. (2017). Effect of Addition of Chitosan on Bioplastic Characteristics of Tamarind Seed Starch (Tamarindus indica L). Ph.D. thesis, Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar
Nahwi, N. F. (2016). Analysis of the Effect of Addition of Glycerol Plasticizer on Edible Film Characteristics of Starch of Banana Peel, Corn Cobs and Water Hyacinth Cobs. Ph.D. thesis, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim
Ningsih, S. H. (2015). Effect of Glycerol Plasticizer on Edible Film Characteristics of Mixed Whey and Agar. Ph.D. thesis
Nurhayati, N. and R. Kusumawati (2014). Sintesis Selulosa Asetat dari Limbah Pengolahan Agar. Synthesis of Cellulose Acetate from Agar Processing Waste, 9(2); 97–107
of East Java Province, B. (2018). Kapok Production in East Java in 2006-2015 (Ton)
Pavia, D. L., G. M. Lampman, G. S. Kriz, and J. A. Vyvyan (2001). Introduction to spectroscopy. Cengage Learning
Pratiwi, R., D. Rahayu, and M. I. Barliana (2016). Utilization of Cellulose from Rice Straw Waste (Oryza sativa) as Bio- plastic Material. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 3(3); 83–91
Purnawati, R., F. Febrianto, N. J. Wistara, S. Nikmatin, S. Sudirman, and M. Marwanto (2018). Application of Kapok and Balsa Fibers with Alkali Treatment as Composite Reinforcing Materials. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis, 16(1); 23–33
Rahmatullah, R., R. W. Putri, A. M. Rainadi, A. Permatasari, and M. Y. Pratama (2020). Effect of Reaction Time and Glycerol Additives on the Synthesis of Cellulose Acetate as a Bioplastic Base Material from Kapok Fiber. Jurnal Dinamika Penelitian Industri, 31(1); 34–41
Ratnawati, S. (2020). Processing of Plastic Waste Into Alterna- tive Fuels in The Form of Grounded (Pertalasic) Therough
Pirolysis Process in Science Laboratory of MTsN 3 West Aceh. Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science and Technology (IJCST), 3(1); 8–16
Rifaldi, A., I. Hs, and B. Bahruddin (2017). Sago Starch Based Bioplastic Properties and Morphology with Addition of Clay Filler and Glycerol Plasticizer. Jurnal Jom Teknik, 4(1); 1–7
Riza, M., S. Darmadi, and N. Abidah (2013). Synthesis of Biodegradable Plastics from Sago Starch with Glycerol and Sorbitol as Plasticizers. In Seminar nasional kimia dan pen- didikan kimia V
Rohmawati, B., F. A. N. Sya’idah, D. Alighiri, W. T. Eden, et al. (2018). Synthesis of Bioplastic-based Renewable Cellulose Acetate from Teak Wood (Tectona grandis) Biowaste Using Glycerol- Chitosan Plasticizer. Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 34(4); 1810
Salinas-Jasso, T. A., M. L. Flores-López, J. Vieira, A. Charles- Rodríguez, A. Robledo-Olivo, O. B. Á. PéreZ, R. R. Molina, and M. A. De León-Zapata (2021). Biopolymer Extraction and Its Use in Edible Packaging. Handbook of Research on Bioenergy and Biomaterials: Consolidated and Green Processes; 391
Sanyang, M. L., S. M. Sapuan, M. Jawaid, M. R. Ishak, and J. Sahari (2015). Effect of Plasticizer Type and Consentra- tion on Tansile, Themal and Barrier Properties of Biodegrad- able Films Based on Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnata) Starch. Polymers, 7(6); 1106–1124
Setiawan, H., R. Faizal, and A. Amrullah (2015). Determi- nation of Optimum Conditions for Modifying the Con- centration of Plasticizer Sorbitol PVA in the Synthesis of Biodegradable Plastics Based on Sorghum Starch and Chi- tosan Shrimp Shell Waste. Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi, 13(1); 29–38
Siregar, B. A. S. (2009). Characterization and Biodegradation of Poly Alloy (Styrofoam-Starch) with Poly Lactic Acid as a Biocom- patible Material. Master’s thesis
Sitompul, A. J. W. S. and E. Zubaidah (2017). Effect of Type and Concentration of Plasticizer on Physical Properties of Kolang Kaling (Arenga pinnata) Edible Film. Jurnal Pangan dan Agroindustri, 5(1); 17–18
Tamiogy, W. R., A. Kardisa, H. Hisbullah, and S. Aprilia (2019). Utilization of Cellulose from Betel Peel Waste as a Filler in the Making of Bioplastics. Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia and Lingkungan, 14(1); 63–71
Unsa, L. K. and G. A. Paramastri (2018). Kajian jenis plasti- cizer campuran gliserol dan sorbitol terhadap sintesis dan karakterisasi edible film pati bonggol pisang sebagai penge- mas buah apel. Jurnal Kompetensi Teknik, 10(1); 35–47
Wahyuni, S., P. Ningsih, and R. Ratman (2017). Utilization of Kapok Seed Activated Charcoal (Ceiba Pentandra l.) as an Adsorbent for Lead (Pb). Jurnal Akademika Kimia, 5(4); 191–196
Authors
Rahmatullah, Wulandari Putri, R., Rendana, M., Waluyo, U., & Andrianto, T. (2022). Effect of Plasticizer and Concentration on Characteristics of Bioplastic Based on Cellulose Acetate from Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) Fiber. Science and Technology Indonesia, 7(1), 73–83. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2022.7.1.73-83
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