Polysaccharide-Stabilized Butterfly Pea Flower (Clitoria ternatea) Anthocyanin as Natural Photosensitizer against MRSA: In Silico and In Vitro Evaluation
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Keywords:
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Anthocyanin, MRSA, Photodynamic Therapy, Photothermal Therapy, Polysaccharide Stabilization
Abstract
Butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) anthocyanins have potential as natural photosensitizers for photothermal–photodynamic therapy (PTT/PDT) against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), but their inherent instability under pH and thermal stress limits therapeutic utility. This study evaluated polysaccharide-based stabilization systems for butterfly pea anthocyanin extract (BPFE) and assessed their photosensitizer performance through in silico and in vitro approaches. Dried flower extraction using 60% ethanol with 30-minute maceration and 45-minute ultrasonic-assisted extraction yielded a total anthocyanin content of 5.037 ± 0.395 mg CGE/L with a photothermal efficiency of 52.34 ± 7.93% at 450 nm and 22.21 ± 2.35% at 550 nm. Molecular docking against penicillin-binding protein 2a or PBP2a (PDB: 1MWU) showed that all 18 screened compounds demonstrated binding affinities of −7.4 to −11.1 kcal/mol. The extract at 8% produced an inhibition zone of 10.67 ± 0.94 mm against S. aureus (p < 0.0001), establishing the minimum inhibitory concentration. Among six polysaccharide stabilization systems evaluated, the freeze-dried konjac glucomannan system (F-KJC) demonstrated the most consistent pH stability and lowest thermodynamic degradation (23.85% vs. 39.80% for BPFE over six freeze-thaw cycles), supported by FTIR evidence of non-covalent hydrogen bonding. Singlet oxygen quantum yield of F-KJC (Φ = 0.4740) exceeded BPFE (Φ = 0.3014). Under 550 nm irradiation, F-KJC significantly inhibited MRSA growth compared with non-irradiated controls, while 450 nm irradiation did not produce a statistically significant photothermal enhancement. These findings support polysaccharide stabilization, particularly the freeze-dried konjac system, as a viable strategy for enhancing the photosensitizer performance of butterfly pea anthocyanins against MRSA.
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Dai, T., G. P. Tegos, T. Zhiyentayev, E. Mylonakis, and M. R. Hamblin (). Photodynamic Therapy for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection in a Mouse Skin Abrasion Model
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Dong,W., X. Yang, N. Zhang, P. Chen, J. Sun, and M. Zhang (2024). Study of UV–Vis Molar Absorptivity Variation and Quantitation of Anthocyanins Using Molar Relative Response Factor. Food Chemistry, 444; 138653
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Fithri, N. A., Mardiyanto, A. Fadilah, A. Pratiwi, S. S. Alisyahbana, and N. P. Maharani (2025). Uncaria Gambir Based Green Synthesis of Inorganic Nanoparticles for Photothermal Induced Thrombolytic and Antibacterial Applications. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10; 303–312
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Fu,W., S. Li, H. Helmick, B. R. Hamaker, J. L. Kokini, and L. Reddivari (2023). Complexation with Polysaccharides Enhances the Stability of Isolated Anthocyanins. Foods, 12(9); 1846
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Gonçalves, L. C. P. (2021). Photophysical Properties and Therapeutic Use of Natural Photosensitizers. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, 7; 100052
Hamzah, H., S. U. T. Pratiwi, A. Nur, T. Nuryastuti, V. Y. Pratama, and R. Maulana (2024). Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities of Ternate Blue Pea (Clitoria ternatea) Flower Extract Against Staphylococcus aureus. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 8(1); 5992–5996
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Authors
Humairoh, S. ., Akram, M., Marrisca, R. D. N., Pratiwi, A. ., Fadilah, A. ., Mardiyanto, Miksusanti, & Fithri, N. A. (2026). Polysaccharide-Stabilized Butterfly Pea Flower (Clitoria ternatea) Anthocyanin as Natural Photosensitizer against MRSA: In Silico and In Vitro Evaluation. Science and Technology Indonesia, 11(3), 1192–1211. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2026.11.3.1192-1211
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