Optimization of Liquid Smoke from Shorea pachyphylla using Response Surface Methodology and its Characterization
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Keywords:
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Liquid smoke, Optimization, Pyrolysis, Shorea pachyphylla, Temperature
Abstract
The present study aims to optimize the processing variables producing liquid smoke from mabang wood (Shorea pachyphylla) by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). In this investigation, a design of experiment with different combinations of pyrolysis temperature and pyrolysis time on the liquid smoke yield from mabang wood was applied. The response of the optimal yield, temperature, and time of pyrolysis was predicted using a mathematical model. The optimal operating conditions for the process of yielding 31.31% liquid smoke were identified at the pyrolysis temperature of 440◦C and pyrolysis time of 124 minutes. The effect of pyrolysis temperature was more significant than the pyrolysis time (p<0.05). The liquid smoke samples were evaluated by a GC-MS. The main chemical compound of the liquid smoke were 1,2-ethanediol (19.26%), fluoromethane (6.69%), formic acid (4.96%), 2-propanone (4.17%), acetic acid (18.64%), acetol (4.80%), furfural (9.94%), 2,4-hexadecanoic acid (3.45%), and guaiacol (2.93%).
References
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Bedmutha, R., Booker, C.J., Ferrante, L., Briens, C., Berruti, F., Yeung, K.K.C., Scott, I., Conn, K. (2011). Insecticidal and bactericidal characteristics of the bio-oil from the fast pyrolysis of coffee grounds. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 90, 224–231
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Demiral İ., Ayan E. A. (2011). Pyrolysis of grape bagasse: effect of pyrolysis conditions on the product yields and characterization of the liquid product. Bioresour Technol. 102, 3946–3951
Faisal, M., Yelvia, Sunarti, A.R., Desvita, H. (2018). Characteristics of liquid smoke from the pyrolysis of durian peel waste at moderate temperatures. Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, 11, 871‒876
Fan, Y., Cai, Y., Li, X., Yin, H., Yu, N. Zhang, R., Zhao, W. (2014). Rape straw as a source of bio-oil via vacuum pyrolysis: Optimization of bio-oil yield using orthogonal design method and characterization of bio-oil. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 106, 63‒70.
Gan, J., Yuan, W. (2013). Operating condition optimization of corncob hydrothermal conversion for bio-oil production. Applied Energy, 103, 350‒357.
Gao, Y., Yang, Y., Qin, Z., Sun, Y. (2016). Factors affecting the yield of bio-oil from the pyrolysis of coconut shell. (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40064-016-1974-2).
Grewal, A. Abbey, L., Gunupuru, L. R. (2018). Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 135 (18), 152‒159
Hasan, M.M., Wang, X.S., Mourant, D., Gunawan, R., Yu, C., Hu, X., Zhang, L. (2017). Grinding pyrolysis of mallee wood: Effects of pyrolysis conditions on the yields of bio-oil and biochar. Fuel Processing Technology, 67, 215‒220.
Hou, X., Qiu, L., Luo, S., Kang, K., Zhu, M., Yao, Y. (2018). Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of wood vinegars at different pyrolysis temperature ranges obtained from Eucommia ulmoides Olivers branches. RSC Advances, 8, 40941‒40949.
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Li, X., Wang, B., Wu, S., Kong, X., Fang, Y., Liu, J. (2017). Optimizing the conditions for the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of cotton stalk for bio-oil production using response surface methodology. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 8(4), 1361-1369.
Laougé, Z. B., Çığgın, A. S., Merdun, H. (2020). Optimization and characterization of bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of Pearl Millet and Sida cordifolia L. by using response surface methodology. Fuel, 274, 117842.
Lu, X., Jiang, J., He, J., Sun, K., Sun, Y. (2019). Pyrolysis of Cunninghamia lanceolata Waste to Produce Wood Vinegar and Its Effect on the Seeds Germination and Root Growth of Wheat. BioResources, 14(4), 8002-8017.
Manzoor, F., Zafar, A., Iqbal, I. (2016). Heterotermesindicola (Wasmann)(Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) responses to extracts from three different plants. Kuwait Journal of Science, 43(3), 128-134.
Mun, S.P., Ku, C.S. (2010). Pyrolysis GC-MS analysis of tars formed during the aging of wood and bamboo crude vinegars. Journal of Wood Sciences, 56, 47‒52.
Mungkunkamchao, T., Kesmala, T., Pimratch, S., Toomsan, B., Jothityangkoon, D. (2013). Wood vinegar and fermented bioextracts: Natural products to enhance growth and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 154, 66‒72.
Oramahi, H.A., Diba, F., Yoshimura, T. (2015). Optimization of production of lignocellulosic biomass bio-oil from oil palm trunk. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 28, 769‒777.
Oramahi, H.A., Yoshimura, T., Diba, F., Setyawati, D. (2018). Antifungal and antitermitic activities of wood vinegar from oil palm trunk. Journal of Wood Sciences, 64, 311‒317.
Oramahi, H.A., Wardoyo, E.R.P., Kustiati. (2019). Optimization of pyrolysis condition for bioactive compounds of wood vinegar from oil palm empty bunches using response surface methodology (RSM). In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 633.
Oramahi, H.A., Yoshimura, T., Wardoyo, E.R.P., Kustiati. (2020). Optmization and Characterization of Wood Vinegar Produced by Shorea leavis Ridl Wood Pyrolysis. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 20(4), 825-832. DOI: 10.22146/ijc.45783.
Oramahi, H. A., & Rusmiyanto, E. (2021, June). Optimization of Wood Vinegar from Pyrolysis of Jelutung Wood (Dyera lowii Hook) by Using Response Surface Methodology. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1940 (1), 012062).
Pinto, F., Paradela, F., Gulyurtlu, I., Ramos, A.M. (2013). Prediction of liquid yields from the pyrolysis of waste mixtures using response surface methodology. Fuel Processing Technology, 116, 271‒283.
Preston, A.F. (2000). Wood preservation: trends of today that will influence the industry tomorrow. Forest Products Journal, 50,13–19
Qu, T., Guo, W., Shen, L., Xiao, J., Zhao, K. (2011). Experimental study of biomass pyrolysis based on three major components: hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 50, 10424‒10433.
Rahmat, B., Pangesti, D., Natawijaya, D., Sufyadi, D. (2014). Generation of wood-waste vinegar and its effectiveness as a plant growth regulator and pest insect repellent. BioResources, 9, 6350‒6360.
Rabiu, Z., Mahmud, K.N., Hasham, R., Zakaria, Z.A. (2019). Characterization and antioxidant properties of ethyl acetate fractions from pyroligneous acid obtained by slow pyrolysis of palm kernel shell. Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 15, 645‒650.
Souza, J.B.G., Ré-Poppi, N., Raposo, Jr. J.L. (2012). Characterization of pyroligneous acid used in agriculture by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 23, 610‒617.
Sapindal, E., Ong, K.H., King, P.J.H. (2018). Efficacy of Azadirachta excelsa vinegar against Plutella xylostella. International Journal of Pest Management, 64, 39‒44.
Sunarta, S., Darmadji, P., Uehara, T., Katoh, S. (2011). Production and characterization of palm fruit shell bio-oil for wood preservation. Forest Products Journal, 61, 180‒184.
Suresh, G., Pakdel, H., Rouissi, T., Brar, S.K., Fliss, I., Roy, C. (2019). In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of pyroligneous acid from softwood mixture. Biotechnology Research and Innovation, 3, 47‒53.
Tranggono, Suhardi, Setiadji, B., Darmadji, P., Supranto, Sudarmanto. (1996). Identifikasi asap cair dari berbagai jenis kayu dan tempurung kelapa. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan, 1, 15–24.
Wang, C., Zhang, S., Wu, S., Cao, Z., Zhang, Y., Li, H., Jiang, F., Lyu, J. (2018). Study on an alternative approach for the preparation of wood vinegar from the hydrothermolysis process of cotton stalk. Bioresource Technology, 254, 231‒238.
Zhang, F., Shao, J., Yang, H., Guo, D., Chen, Z., Zhang, S., Chen, H. (2019). Effects of biomass pyrolysis derived wood vinegar on microbial activity and communities of activated sludge. Bioresource Technology, 279, 252‒261.
Zheng, H., Sun, C., Hou, X., Wu, M., Yao, Y., Li, F. (2018). Pyrolysis of Arundo donax L. to produce pyrolytic vinegar and its effect on the growth of dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. Bioresource Technology, 247, 273‒281.
Adfa, M., Kusnanda, A.J., Saputra, W.D., Banon, C., Efdi, M., Koketsu, M. (2017). Termiticidal activity of Toona sinensis wood vinegar against Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren. Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, 10, 1088‒1093.
Akhtar, J. Amin, N.S., (2012). A review on operating parameters for optimum liquid oil yield in biomass pyrolysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 5101‒5109.
Barbero-López, A., Chibily, S., Tomppo, L., Salami, A., Ancin-Murguzur, F.J., Venäläinen, M., Venalainen, M., Haapala, A. (2019). Pyrolysis distillates from tree bark and fibre hemp inhibit the growth of wood-decaying fungi. Industrial Crops and Products, 129, 604‒610.
Bedmutha, R., Booker, C.J., Ferrante, L., Briens, C., Berruti, F., Yeung, K.K.C., Scott, I., Conn, K. (2011). Insecticidal and bactericidal characteristics of the bio-oil from the fast pyrolysis of coffee grounds. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 90, 224–231
Crespo, Y.A., Naranjo, R.A., Quitana, Y.G., Sanchez, C.G., Sanchez, E.M.S. (2017). Optimisation and characterisation of bio-oil produced by Acacia mangium Willd wood pyrolysis. Wood Science and Technology, 51, 1155‒1171
Darmadji, P., Triyudiana, H. (2006). Proses pemurnian asap cair dan simulasi akumulasi kadar benzopyrene pada proses perendaman ikan. Agritech. 26 (2), 74‒83. https://doi.org/10.22146/agritech.9477.
Demiral İ., Ayan E. A. (2011). Pyrolysis of grape bagasse: effect of pyrolysis conditions on the product yields and characterization of the liquid product. Bioresour Technol. 102, 3946–3951
Faisal, M., Yelvia, Sunarti, A.R., Desvita, H. (2018). Characteristics of liquid smoke from the pyrolysis of durian peel waste at moderate temperatures. Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, 11, 871‒876
Fan, Y., Cai, Y., Li, X., Yin, H., Yu, N. Zhang, R., Zhao, W. (2014). Rape straw as a source of bio-oil via vacuum pyrolysis: Optimization of bio-oil yield using orthogonal design method and characterization of bio-oil. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 106, 63‒70.
Gan, J., Yuan, W. (2013). Operating condition optimization of corncob hydrothermal conversion for bio-oil production. Applied Energy, 103, 350‒357.
Gao, Y., Yang, Y., Qin, Z., Sun, Y. (2016). Factors affecting the yield of bio-oil from the pyrolysis of coconut shell. (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40064-016-1974-2).
Grewal, A. Abbey, L., Gunupuru, L. R. (2018). Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 135 (18), 152‒159
Hasan, M.M., Wang, X.S., Mourant, D., Gunawan, R., Yu, C., Hu, X., Zhang, L. (2017). Grinding pyrolysis of mallee wood: Effects of pyrolysis conditions on the yields of bio-oil and biochar. Fuel Processing Technology, 67, 215‒220.
Hou, X., Qiu, L., Luo, S., Kang, K., Zhu, M., Yao, Y. (2018). Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of wood vinegars at different pyrolysis temperature ranges obtained from Eucommia ulmoides Olivers branches. RSC Advances, 8, 40941‒40949.
Islam, M. N., Beg, M. R. A., Islam, M. R. (2005). Pyrolytic oil from fixed bed pyrolysis of municipal solid waste and its characterization. Renewable Energy, 30 (3), 413‒420.
Lee, S.H., H’ng, P.S., Lee, A.N., Sajap, A.S., Tey, B.T., Salmiah, U. (2011). Production of of wood vinegar from lignocellulosic biomass and their effectiveness against biological attacts. Journal of Applied Sciences, 10, 2440‒2446.
Li, X., Wang, B., Wu, S., Kong, X., Fang, Y., Liu, J. (2017). Optimizing the conditions for the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of cotton stalk for bio-oil production using response surface methodology. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 8(4), 1361-1369.
Laougé, Z. B., Çığgın, A. S., Merdun, H. (2020). Optimization and characterization of bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of Pearl Millet and Sida cordifolia L. by using response surface methodology. Fuel, 274, 117842.
Lu, X., Jiang, J., He, J., Sun, K., Sun, Y. (2019). Pyrolysis of Cunninghamia lanceolata Waste to Produce Wood Vinegar and Its Effect on the Seeds Germination and Root Growth of Wheat. BioResources, 14(4), 8002-8017.
Manzoor, F., Zafar, A., Iqbal, I. (2016). Heterotermesindicola (Wasmann)(Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) responses to extracts from three different plants. Kuwait Journal of Science, 43(3), 128-134.
Mun, S.P., Ku, C.S. (2010). Pyrolysis GC-MS analysis of tars formed during the aging of wood and bamboo crude vinegars. Journal of Wood Sciences, 56, 47‒52.
Mungkunkamchao, T., Kesmala, T., Pimratch, S., Toomsan, B., Jothityangkoon, D. (2013). Wood vinegar and fermented bioextracts: Natural products to enhance growth and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 154, 66‒72.
Oramahi, H.A., Diba, F., Yoshimura, T. (2015). Optimization of production of lignocellulosic biomass bio-oil from oil palm trunk. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 28, 769‒777.
Oramahi, H.A., Yoshimura, T., Diba, F., Setyawati, D. (2018). Antifungal and antitermitic activities of wood vinegar from oil palm trunk. Journal of Wood Sciences, 64, 311‒317.
Oramahi, H.A., Wardoyo, E.R.P., Kustiati. (2019). Optimization of pyrolysis condition for bioactive compounds of wood vinegar from oil palm empty bunches using response surface methodology (RSM). In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 633.
Oramahi, H.A., Yoshimura, T., Wardoyo, E.R.P., Kustiati. (2020). Optmization and Characterization of Wood Vinegar Produced by Shorea leavis Ridl Wood Pyrolysis. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 20(4), 825-832. DOI: 10.22146/ijc.45783.
Oramahi, H. A., & Rusmiyanto, E. (2021, June). Optimization of Wood Vinegar from Pyrolysis of Jelutung Wood (Dyera lowii Hook) by Using Response Surface Methodology. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1940 (1), 012062).
Pinto, F., Paradela, F., Gulyurtlu, I., Ramos, A.M. (2013). Prediction of liquid yields from the pyrolysis of waste mixtures using response surface methodology. Fuel Processing Technology, 116, 271‒283.
Preston, A.F. (2000). Wood preservation: trends of today that will influence the industry tomorrow. Forest Products Journal, 50,13–19
Qu, T., Guo, W., Shen, L., Xiao, J., Zhao, K. (2011). Experimental study of biomass pyrolysis based on three major components: hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 50, 10424‒10433.
Rahmat, B., Pangesti, D., Natawijaya, D., Sufyadi, D. (2014). Generation of wood-waste vinegar and its effectiveness as a plant growth regulator and pest insect repellent. BioResources, 9, 6350‒6360.
Rabiu, Z., Mahmud, K.N., Hasham, R., Zakaria, Z.A. (2019). Characterization and antioxidant properties of ethyl acetate fractions from pyroligneous acid obtained by slow pyrolysis of palm kernel shell. Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 15, 645‒650.
Souza, J.B.G., Ré-Poppi, N., Raposo, Jr. J.L. (2012). Characterization of pyroligneous acid used in agriculture by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 23, 610‒617.
Sapindal, E., Ong, K.H., King, P.J.H. (2018). Efficacy of Azadirachta excelsa vinegar against Plutella xylostella. International Journal of Pest Management, 64, 39‒44.
Sunarta, S., Darmadji, P., Uehara, T., Katoh, S. (2011). Production and characterization of palm fruit shell bio-oil for wood preservation. Forest Products Journal, 61, 180‒184.
Suresh, G., Pakdel, H., Rouissi, T., Brar, S.K., Fliss, I., Roy, C. (2019). In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of pyroligneous acid from softwood mixture. Biotechnology Research and Innovation, 3, 47‒53.
Tranggono, Suhardi, Setiadji, B., Darmadji, P., Supranto, Sudarmanto. (1996). Identifikasi asap cair dari berbagai jenis kayu dan tempurung kelapa. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan, 1, 15–24.
Wang, C., Zhang, S., Wu, S., Cao, Z., Zhang, Y., Li, H., Jiang, F., Lyu, J. (2018). Study on an alternative approach for the preparation of wood vinegar from the hydrothermolysis process of cotton stalk. Bioresource Technology, 254, 231‒238.
Zhang, F., Shao, J., Yang, H., Guo, D., Chen, Z., Zhang, S., Chen, H. (2019). Effects of biomass pyrolysis derived wood vinegar on microbial activity and communities of activated sludge. Bioresource Technology, 279, 252‒261.
Zheng, H., Sun, C., Hou, X., Wu, M., Yao, Y., Li, F. (2018). Pyrolysis of Arundo donax L. to produce pyrolytic vinegar and its effect on the growth of dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. Bioresource Technology, 247, 273‒281.
Authors
Oramahi, H. A. ., Kustiati, & Wardoyo, E. R. P. . (2022). Optimization of Liquid Smoke from Shorea pachyphylla using Response Surface Methodology and its Characterization. Science and Technology Indonesia, 7(2), 257–262. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2022.7.2.257-262
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