Optimization and Characterization of Liquid Smoke Produced by Terminalia catappa Wood Pyrolysis and its In Vitro Antifungal Activity
Article Sidebar
Keywords:
-
Liquid Smoke, Terminalia catappa, Response Surface Methodology, Pyrolysis Temperature, Wood Particle Size, Antifungal Activity
Abstract
This research utilized response surface methodology (RSM) to explore how the yield of liquid smoke obtained from ketapang wood (Terminalia catappa) is influenced by the size of wood particles and the temperature of pyrolysis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to characterize the liquid smoke. To assess liquid smoke’s antifungal effects, a petri dish bioassay was conducted using 1.0-4.0% (v/v) concentrations against Schizophyllum commune. RSM was applied to optimize vinegar from T. catappa by varying the wood particle size and the pyrolysis temperature. The optimal yield, 24.67%, was obtained with a 3.22 mm particle size and a 425°C pyrolysis temperature. The liquid smoke produced at 400-450°C completely inhibited of S. commune growth at 2.0-4.0%. The primary components of the liquid smoke at 400°C were 2-methoxy- phenol (24.85%), creosol (8.39%), 4-ethyl-2-methoxy- phenol (7.21%), 2-5-methyl-furancarboxaldehyde (4.55%), and 4-ethyl-2-methoxy-phenol (3.74%). The primary components at 425°C were 2-methoxy-phenol (25.60%), creosol (15.15%), 5-methyl-2 furancarboxaldehyde (12.75%), and 2,6-dimethoxy-phenol (9.31%). At 450°C, the main components were 2-methoxy-phenol (25.26%), 4-ethyl-2-methoxy-phenol (8.46%), creosol (8.40%), 5-methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde (4.02%), and 4-ethyl-2-methoxy-phenol (3.98%).
References
Adfa, M., A. Romayasa, A. J. Kusnanda, A. Avidlyandi, S. Yudha S, C. Banon, and I. Gustian (2020). Chemical Components, Antitermite and Antifungal Activities of Cinnamomum Parthenoxylon Wood Vinegar. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, 48(1); 107–116
Afrah, B. D., M. I. Riady, L. Cundari, M. A. Rizan, J. Utami, S. I. Pratiwi, and M. Yori (2023). Optimization of Liquid Smoke Products Made from Rubberwood with Pyrolysis Method. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8(3); 353–360
Akkuş, M., Ç. Akçay, and M. Yalçın (2022). Antifungal and Larvicidal Effects of Wood Vinegar on Wood-Destroying Fungi and Insects. Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología, 24(37); 1–10
Anggraini, R., J. Khabibi, and M. R. Ridho (2021). Utilization of Wood Vinegar As a Natural Preservative for Sengon Wood (Falcataria moluccana Miq.) against Fungal Attack (Schizophyllum commune Fries). Jurnal Sylva Lestari, 9(2); 302–313
Ankona, E., M. Nisnevitch, V. Marks, O. Dorfman, A. Doroshev, and Y. Anker (2023). Citrus Pyrolysis Temperature Effect on Wood Vinegar Characteristics. Bioresource Technology Reports; 101490
AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington
Ates, F. and N. Erginel (2016). Optimization of Bio-Oil Production Using Response Surface Methodology and Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) at Elevated Pressures. Fuel Processing Technology, 142; 279–286
Barbanera, M., C. Pelosi, A. R. Taddei, and F. Cotana (2018). Optimization of Bio-Oil Production from Solid Digestate by Microwave-Assisted Liquefaction. Energy Conversion and Management, 171; 1263–1272
Chen, Y. H., Y. F. Li, H. Wei, X. X. Li, H. T. Zheng, X. Y. Dong, T. F. Xu, and J. F. Meng (2020). Inhibition Efficiency of Wood Vinegar on Grey Mould of Table Grapes. Food Bioscience, 38; 100755
Crespo, Y. A., R. A. Naranjo, Y. G. Quitana, C. G. Sanchez, and E. M. S. Sanchez (2017). Optimisation and Characterisation of Bio-Oil Produced by Acacia mangium Willd Wood Pyrolysis. Wood Science and Technology, 51(5); 1155–1171
Faisal, M., S. Kamaruzzaman, H. Desvita, D. Annisa, and C. Zahara (2023). Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Liquid Smoke Production Yield from Durian Rinds (Durio zibethinus Murr.). Materials Today: Proceedings, 87; 187–191
Fan, Y., Y. Cai, X. Li, H. Yin, N. Yu, R. Zhang, and W. Zhao (2014). Rape Straw As a Source of Bio-Oil Via Vacuum Pyrolysis: Optimization of Bio-Oil Yield Using Orthogonal Design Method and Characterization of Bio-Oil. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 106; 63–70
Hasan, M., M. Rasul, M. Jahirul, and M. Khan (2023). Fast Pyrolysis of Macadamia Nutshell in an Auger Reactor: Process Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Oil Characterization. Fuel, 333; 126490
Hou, X., L. Qiu, S. Luo, K. Kang, M. Zhu, and Y. Yao (2018). Chemical Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Wood Vinegars at Different Pyrolysis Temperature Ranges Obtained from Eucommia ulmoides Olivers Branches. RSC Advances, 8(71); 40941–40949
Jeeru, L. R., F. K. Abdul, J. S. Anireddy, V. P. Ch, and K. N. Dhanavath (2023). Optimization of Process Parameters for Conventional Pyrolysis of Algal Biomass into Bio–Oil and Bio–Char Production. Chemical Engineering and Processing Process Intensification, 185; 109311
Li, Z., Z. Zhang, L. Wu, J. Wang, Z. Liu, Z. Zhang, H. Zhang, and Z. Wang (2017). Preparation and Characterization of Two Wood Vinegars Obtained from Hull of Spina Date Seed and Shell of Peanut. Chemical Research in Chinese Universities, 33; 348–353
Mandal, S., T. Bhattacharya, A. Verma, and J. Haydary (2018). Optimization of Process Parameters for Bio-Oil Synthesis from Pine Needles (Pinus roxburghii) Using Response Surface Methodology. Chemical Papers, 72; 603–616
Montgomery, D. C. (1991). Design and Analysis of Experiments (Third Edition). John Wiley & Sons
Mun, S. P. and C. S. Ku (2010). Pyrolysis Gc-Ms Analysis of Tars Formed during the Aging of Wood and Bamboo Crude Vinegars. Journal of Wood Science, 56; 47–52
Nam, H. and S. Capareda (2015). Experimental Investigation of Torrefaction of Two Agricultural Wastes of Different Composition Using RSM (Response Surface Methodology). Energy, 91; 507-516
Ngo, T. A., J. Kim, and S.-S. Kim (2013). Fast Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Cake Using a Fluidized Bed Reactor: Design of Experiment and Characteristics of Bio-Oil. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 19(1); 137–143
Obeng, J., D. Agyei-Dwarko, P. Teinor, I. Danso, H. Lutuf, E. Lekete-Lawson, F. K. Ablormeti, and M. A. Eddy-Doh (2023). Bioactivity of an Organic Farming Aid with Possible Fungistatic Properties against Some Oil Palm Seedling Foliar Pathogens. Scientific Reports, 13(1); 1280
Onay, Ö. and H. Koca (2020). Modelling and Optimization of the Pyrolysis of Low-Rank Lignite by Central Composite Design (CCD) Method. International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 40(10); 655–665
Oramahi, H., Kustiati, and E. Rusmiyanto (2022a). Optimization of Wood Vinegar From Shorea panchyphylla Using Response Surface Methodology and Its Characterization. Science and Technology Indonesia, 7(2); 257–263
Oramahi, H. A., R. D. Permana, F. Diba, and Y. Indrayani (2023). The Composition and Termicidal Activity of Vinegar from Medang Wood (Cinnamomum sp.) under Different Pyrolysis Temperature. Floresta e Ambiente, 30; e20230016
Oramahi, H. A., M. J. Tindaon, N. Nurhaida, F. Diba, and H. Yanti (2022b). Termicidal Activity and Chemical Components of Wood Vinegar from Nipah Fruit against Coptotermes curvignathus. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, 50(5); 315–324
Oramahi, H. A., Wahdina, and F. Diba (2010). The Efficacy of Liquid Smoke from Oilpalm Empty Fruit Bunch in Suppressing the Development of Fungus. Journal of Tropical Plant Pests and Diseases, 10(2); 146–153
Oramahi, H. A., E. R. P. Wardoyo, and Kustiati (2019). Optimization of Pyrolysis Condition for Bioactive Compounds of Wood Vinegar from Oil Palm Empty Bunches Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, volume 633. IOP Publishing, page 012058
Oramahi, H. A., E. R. P. Wardoyo, and Kustiati (2021). Optimization of Wood Vinegar from Pyrolysis of Jelutung Wood (Dyera lowii Hook) by Using Response Surface Methodology. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, volume 1940. IOP Publishing, page 012062
Oramahi, H. A., T. Yoshimura, E. Rusmiyanto, and K. Kustiati (2020). Optimization and Characterization of Wood Vinegar Produced by Shorea laevis Ridl Wood Pyrolysis. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 20(4); 825–832
Oramahi, H. A., S. Zainal, and F. Diba (2014). Efficacy of Liquid Smoke from Laban Wood (vitex Pubescens) against Coptotermes Curvignathus. Efficacy of Liquid Smoke from Laban Wood (vitex Pubescens) against Coptotermes Curvignathus. Journal of Tropical Plant Pests and Diseases, 14(1); 71–79
Permana, R. D., H. A. Oramahi, and F. Diba (2021). Efficacy of liquid smoke produced from Medang Wood (Cinnamomum sp.) against Schizophyllum commune. Jurnal Sylva Lestari, 9(2); 269–279
Ramos, M. L. N. S., I. S. C. Carregosa, M. P. Carvalho, M. T. da Costa, P. R. Gagliardi, and A. Wisniewski Jr (2020). Potential of Cattle Manure Pyrolysis Liquid As an Alternative Environmentally Friendly Source of Agricultural Fungicides. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 149; 104862
Senter, S., J. Robertson, and F. Meredith (1989). Phenolic Compounds of the Mesocarp of Cresthaven Peaches during Storage and Ripening. Journal of Food Science, 54(5); 1259–1268
Singh, S., J. P. Chakraborty, and M. K. Mondal (2020). Pyrolysis of Torrefied Biomass: Optimization of Process Parameters Using Response Surface Methodology, Characterization, and Comparison of Properties of Pyrolysis Oil from Raw Biomass. Journal of Cleaner Production, 272; 122517
Subekti, N. and T. Yoshimura (2020). Activity of Bamboo Wulung’s Smoke Gigantochloa atroviolace againts Subterranean Termites and Fungi Attack. AGRIVITA, Journal of Agricultural Science, 42(3); 541–547
Suprianto, A., H. A. Oramahi, F. Diba, G. Hardiansyah, and M. S. Anwari (2023). The Antitermitic and Antifungal Activities and Composition of Vinegar from Durian Wood (Durio sp.). Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, 51(4); 283–294
Theapparat, Y., S. Khongthong, P. Rodjan, K. Lertwittayanon, and D. Faroongsarng (2019). Physicochemical Properties and in Vitro Antioxidant Activities of Pyroligneous Acid Prepared from Brushwood Biomass Waste of Mangosteen, Durian, Rambutan, and Langsat. Journal of Forestry Research, 30; 1139–1148
Yang, J. F., C. H. Yang, M. T. Liang, Z. J. Gao, Y. W. Wu, and L. Y. Chuang (2016). Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activity of Wood Vinegar from Litchi chinensis. Molecules, 21(9); 1150
Yuan, Z., Z. Xu, D. Zhang, W. Chen, T. Zhang, Y. Huang, L. Gu, H. Deng, and D. Tian (2018). Box Behnken Design Approach Towards Optimization of Activated Carbon Synthesized by Co Pyrolysis of Waste Polyester Textiles and MgCl2. Applied Surface Science, 427; 340–348
Zhu, Z., L. Rosendahl, S. S. Toor, and G. Chen (2018). Optimizing the Conditions for Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Barley Straw for Bio-Crude Oil Production Using Response Surface Methodology. Science of The Total Environment, 630; 560–569
Afrah, B. D., M. I. Riady, L. Cundari, M. A. Rizan, J. Utami, S. I. Pratiwi, and M. Yori (2023). Optimization of Liquid Smoke Products Made from Rubberwood with Pyrolysis Method. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8(3); 353–360
Akkuş, M., Ç. Akçay, and M. Yalçın (2022). Antifungal and Larvicidal Effects of Wood Vinegar on Wood-Destroying Fungi and Insects. Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología, 24(37); 1–10
Anggraini, R., J. Khabibi, and M. R. Ridho (2021). Utilization of Wood Vinegar As a Natural Preservative for Sengon Wood (Falcataria moluccana Miq.) against Fungal Attack (Schizophyllum commune Fries). Jurnal Sylva Lestari, 9(2); 302–313
Ankona, E., M. Nisnevitch, V. Marks, O. Dorfman, A. Doroshev, and Y. Anker (2023). Citrus Pyrolysis Temperature Effect on Wood Vinegar Characteristics. Bioresource Technology Reports; 101490
AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington
Ates, F. and N. Erginel (2016). Optimization of Bio-Oil Production Using Response Surface Methodology and Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) at Elevated Pressures. Fuel Processing Technology, 142; 279–286
Barbanera, M., C. Pelosi, A. R. Taddei, and F. Cotana (2018). Optimization of Bio-Oil Production from Solid Digestate by Microwave-Assisted Liquefaction. Energy Conversion and Management, 171; 1263–1272
Chen, Y. H., Y. F. Li, H. Wei, X. X. Li, H. T. Zheng, X. Y. Dong, T. F. Xu, and J. F. Meng (2020). Inhibition Efficiency of Wood Vinegar on Grey Mould of Table Grapes. Food Bioscience, 38; 100755
Crespo, Y. A., R. A. Naranjo, Y. G. Quitana, C. G. Sanchez, and E. M. S. Sanchez (2017). Optimisation and Characterisation of Bio-Oil Produced by Acacia mangium Willd Wood Pyrolysis. Wood Science and Technology, 51(5); 1155–1171
Faisal, M., S. Kamaruzzaman, H. Desvita, D. Annisa, and C. Zahara (2023). Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Liquid Smoke Production Yield from Durian Rinds (Durio zibethinus Murr.). Materials Today: Proceedings, 87; 187–191
Fan, Y., Y. Cai, X. Li, H. Yin, N. Yu, R. Zhang, and W. Zhao (2014). Rape Straw As a Source of Bio-Oil Via Vacuum Pyrolysis: Optimization of Bio-Oil Yield Using Orthogonal Design Method and Characterization of Bio-Oil. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 106; 63–70
Hasan, M., M. Rasul, M. Jahirul, and M. Khan (2023). Fast Pyrolysis of Macadamia Nutshell in an Auger Reactor: Process Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Oil Characterization. Fuel, 333; 126490
Hou, X., L. Qiu, S. Luo, K. Kang, M. Zhu, and Y. Yao (2018). Chemical Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Wood Vinegars at Different Pyrolysis Temperature Ranges Obtained from Eucommia ulmoides Olivers Branches. RSC Advances, 8(71); 40941–40949
Jeeru, L. R., F. K. Abdul, J. S. Anireddy, V. P. Ch, and K. N. Dhanavath (2023). Optimization of Process Parameters for Conventional Pyrolysis of Algal Biomass into Bio–Oil and Bio–Char Production. Chemical Engineering and Processing Process Intensification, 185; 109311
Li, Z., Z. Zhang, L. Wu, J. Wang, Z. Liu, Z. Zhang, H. Zhang, and Z. Wang (2017). Preparation and Characterization of Two Wood Vinegars Obtained from Hull of Spina Date Seed and Shell of Peanut. Chemical Research in Chinese Universities, 33; 348–353
Mandal, S., T. Bhattacharya, A. Verma, and J. Haydary (2018). Optimization of Process Parameters for Bio-Oil Synthesis from Pine Needles (Pinus roxburghii) Using Response Surface Methodology. Chemical Papers, 72; 603–616
Montgomery, D. C. (1991). Design and Analysis of Experiments (Third Edition). John Wiley & Sons
Mun, S. P. and C. S. Ku (2010). Pyrolysis Gc-Ms Analysis of Tars Formed during the Aging of Wood and Bamboo Crude Vinegars. Journal of Wood Science, 56; 47–52
Nam, H. and S. Capareda (2015). Experimental Investigation of Torrefaction of Two Agricultural Wastes of Different Composition Using RSM (Response Surface Methodology). Energy, 91; 507-516
Ngo, T. A., J. Kim, and S.-S. Kim (2013). Fast Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Cake Using a Fluidized Bed Reactor: Design of Experiment and Characteristics of Bio-Oil. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 19(1); 137–143
Obeng, J., D. Agyei-Dwarko, P. Teinor, I. Danso, H. Lutuf, E. Lekete-Lawson, F. K. Ablormeti, and M. A. Eddy-Doh (2023). Bioactivity of an Organic Farming Aid with Possible Fungistatic Properties against Some Oil Palm Seedling Foliar Pathogens. Scientific Reports, 13(1); 1280
Onay, Ö. and H. Koca (2020). Modelling and Optimization of the Pyrolysis of Low-Rank Lignite by Central Composite Design (CCD) Method. International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 40(10); 655–665
Oramahi, H., Kustiati, and E. Rusmiyanto (2022a). Optimization of Wood Vinegar From Shorea panchyphylla Using Response Surface Methodology and Its Characterization. Science and Technology Indonesia, 7(2); 257–263
Oramahi, H. A., R. D. Permana, F. Diba, and Y. Indrayani (2023). The Composition and Termicidal Activity of Vinegar from Medang Wood (Cinnamomum sp.) under Different Pyrolysis Temperature. Floresta e Ambiente, 30; e20230016
Oramahi, H. A., M. J. Tindaon, N. Nurhaida, F. Diba, and H. Yanti (2022b). Termicidal Activity and Chemical Components of Wood Vinegar from Nipah Fruit against Coptotermes curvignathus. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, 50(5); 315–324
Oramahi, H. A., Wahdina, and F. Diba (2010). The Efficacy of Liquid Smoke from Oilpalm Empty Fruit Bunch in Suppressing the Development of Fungus. Journal of Tropical Plant Pests and Diseases, 10(2); 146–153
Oramahi, H. A., E. R. P. Wardoyo, and Kustiati (2019). Optimization of Pyrolysis Condition for Bioactive Compounds of Wood Vinegar from Oil Palm Empty Bunches Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, volume 633. IOP Publishing, page 012058
Oramahi, H. A., E. R. P. Wardoyo, and Kustiati (2021). Optimization of Wood Vinegar from Pyrolysis of Jelutung Wood (Dyera lowii Hook) by Using Response Surface Methodology. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, volume 1940. IOP Publishing, page 012062
Oramahi, H. A., T. Yoshimura, E. Rusmiyanto, and K. Kustiati (2020). Optimization and Characterization of Wood Vinegar Produced by Shorea laevis Ridl Wood Pyrolysis. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 20(4); 825–832
Oramahi, H. A., S. Zainal, and F. Diba (2014). Efficacy of Liquid Smoke from Laban Wood (vitex Pubescens) against Coptotermes Curvignathus. Efficacy of Liquid Smoke from Laban Wood (vitex Pubescens) against Coptotermes Curvignathus. Journal of Tropical Plant Pests and Diseases, 14(1); 71–79
Permana, R. D., H. A. Oramahi, and F. Diba (2021). Efficacy of liquid smoke produced from Medang Wood (Cinnamomum sp.) against Schizophyllum commune. Jurnal Sylva Lestari, 9(2); 269–279
Ramos, M. L. N. S., I. S. C. Carregosa, M. P. Carvalho, M. T. da Costa, P. R. Gagliardi, and A. Wisniewski Jr (2020). Potential of Cattle Manure Pyrolysis Liquid As an Alternative Environmentally Friendly Source of Agricultural Fungicides. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 149; 104862
Senter, S., J. Robertson, and F. Meredith (1989). Phenolic Compounds of the Mesocarp of Cresthaven Peaches during Storage and Ripening. Journal of Food Science, 54(5); 1259–1268
Singh, S., J. P. Chakraborty, and M. K. Mondal (2020). Pyrolysis of Torrefied Biomass: Optimization of Process Parameters Using Response Surface Methodology, Characterization, and Comparison of Properties of Pyrolysis Oil from Raw Biomass. Journal of Cleaner Production, 272; 122517
Subekti, N. and T. Yoshimura (2020). Activity of Bamboo Wulung’s Smoke Gigantochloa atroviolace againts Subterranean Termites and Fungi Attack. AGRIVITA, Journal of Agricultural Science, 42(3); 541–547
Suprianto, A., H. A. Oramahi, F. Diba, G. Hardiansyah, and M. S. Anwari (2023). The Antitermitic and Antifungal Activities and Composition of Vinegar from Durian Wood (Durio sp.). Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology, 51(4); 283–294
Theapparat, Y., S. Khongthong, P. Rodjan, K. Lertwittayanon, and D. Faroongsarng (2019). Physicochemical Properties and in Vitro Antioxidant Activities of Pyroligneous Acid Prepared from Brushwood Biomass Waste of Mangosteen, Durian, Rambutan, and Langsat. Journal of Forestry Research, 30; 1139–1148
Yang, J. F., C. H. Yang, M. T. Liang, Z. J. Gao, Y. W. Wu, and L. Y. Chuang (2016). Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activity of Wood Vinegar from Litchi chinensis. Molecules, 21(9); 1150
Yuan, Z., Z. Xu, D. Zhang, W. Chen, T. Zhang, Y. Huang, L. Gu, H. Deng, and D. Tian (2018). Box Behnken Design Approach Towards Optimization of Activated Carbon Synthesized by Co Pyrolysis of Waste Polyester Textiles and MgCl2. Applied Surface Science, 427; 340–348
Zhu, Z., L. Rosendahl, S. S. Toor, and G. Chen (2018). Optimizing the Conditions for Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Barley Straw for Bio-Crude Oil Production Using Response Surface Methodology. Science of The Total Environment, 630; 560–569
Authors
Oramahi, H. A., Maurisa, T., Nurhaida, Darwati, H., & Rifanjani, S. (2024). Optimization and Characterization of Liquid Smoke Produced by Terminalia catappa Wood Pyrolysis and its In Vitro Antifungal Activity. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(1), 207–214. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2024.9.1.207-214
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.