Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Composites Based on Tutut (Belamya Javanica) and Magnetite by Coprecipitation as Adsorbents of Pb Metals Ion
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Keywords:
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Adsorbents, Bellamya javanica Shells, Coprecipitation, Hydroxyapatite, Magnetite
Abstract
Increased industrial activity can result in the emission of pollutants into the environment, such as heavy metals, which are a significant source of concern. A practical approach to reduce this problem is to utilize Pb metal adsorption. This study aims to synthesize HAp from Bellamya javanica clam shells and characterize the HAp-Fe3O4 composite as a Pb metal ion adsorbent. FTIR and XRD analysis results showed the successful fabrication of the composite, resulting in a crystal dimension of 7.63 nm and a crystallinity level of 84.80%. SEM characterization showed a porous structure with a particle size of 10.98 um. Adsorption studies of Pb(II) ions showed that the HAp-Fe3O4 composite efficiently adsorbed Pb(II) ions, with the adsorption efficiency increasing from 95.80% to 98.40%. The adsorption isothermal model of the HAp-Fe3O4 composite follows the Freundlich model with a 1/n value of 0.31 and a KF value of 25.35 L/g. The adsorption kinetics study of the HAp-Fe3O4 composite follows the pseudo second-order model with an R2 value of 1, and the thermodynamic study shows the Gibbs free energy is negative, which indicates that the adsorption process is thermodynamically optimal and spontaneous. In addition, the enthalpy value is positive, indicating that the interaction between the adsorbent and lead ions is endothermic, and the entropy is negative, indicating the reduction of random collisions of lead ions in the solid (adsorbent) and aqueous solution during adsorption.
References
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Wang, J. and X. Guo (2020). Adsorption Isotherm Models: Classification, Physical Meaning, Application and Solving Method. Chemosphere, 258; 127–279
Wang, X., G. Wang, A. Marchetti, L. Wu, L. Wu, and Y. Guan (2019). Preparation of Porous Hydroxyapatite and Its Application in Pb Ions Effective Removal. AIP Advances, 9(2)
Yan, S., W. Yu, T. Yang, Q. Li, and J. Guo (2022). The Adsorption of Corn Stalk Biochar for Pb and Cd: Preparation, Characterization, and Batch Adsorption Study. Separations, 9(2); 1–13
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Akhlaghinia, B., P. Sanati, A. Mohammadinezhad, and Z. Zarei (2019). The Magnetic Nanostructured Natural Hydroxyapatite (HAP/Fe3O4 NPs): An Efficient, Green and Recyclable Nanocatalyst for the Synthesis of Biscoumarin Derivatives under Solvent-Free Conditions. Research on Chemical Intermediates, 45(5); 3215–3235
Al-Ghouti, M. A. and D. A. Da’ana (2020). Guidelines for the Use and Interpretation of Adsorption Isotherm Models: A Review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 3(1); 1–100
Atkins, P., J. De Paula, and J. Keeler (2018). Physical Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 11th edition
Biedrzycka, A., E. Skwarek, and U. M. Hanna (2021). Hydroxyapatite with Magnetic Core: Synthesis Methods, Properties, Adsorption and Medical Applications. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 29(1); 1–21
Diningsih, C. and L. Rohmawati (2022). Synthesis of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) from Eggshell by Calcination Method. Indonesian Physical Review, 5(3); 208–215
El-Dib, F. I., D. E. Mohamed, O. A. A. El-Shamy, and M. R. Mishrif (2020). Study the Adsorption Properties of Magnetite Nanoparticles in the Presence of Different Synthesized Surfactants for Heavy Metal Ions Removal. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 29(1); 1–7
Fatima, E., I. Arooj, M. Javeed, and J. Yin (2024). Green Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Phyllanthus emblica Fruit Extract Mediated Chromium Oxide Nanoparticles. Discover Nano, 19(1); 68
Feng, Y., X. Li, H. Wu, C. Li, M. Zhang, and H. Yang (2023). Critical Review of Ca(OH)2/CaO Thermochemical Energy Storage Materials. Energies, 16(1); 13932–13936
Hafez, M., M. Kassab, and S. Taha (2021). Calcination Process and Kinetic Carbonation Effect on the Hydrated and Anhydrate Phases of the OPC Matrix at Early Age of Hydration. HBRC Journal, 17(1); 389–406
Hui, K. C., N. A. Kamal, N. S. Sambudi, and M. R. Bilad (2021). Magnetic Hydroxyapatite for Batch Adsorption of Heavy Metals. In E3S Web of Conferences, volume 28, pages 3–8
Lubis, R. A. F., H. I. Nasution, and M. Zubir (2020). Production of Activated Carbon from Natural Sources for Water Purification. Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science and Technology (IJCST), 3(2); 67–73
Martinez, J., J. L. Wardini, X. Zheng, L. Moghimi, J. Rakowsky, J. Means, H. Guo, I. Kuzmenko, J. Ilavsky, F. Zhang, P. P. Dholabhai, L. Dresselhaus-Marais, and W. J. Bowman (2024). Precision Calcination Mechanism of CaCO3 to High-Porosity Nanoscale CaO CO2 Sorbent Revealed by Direct In Situ Observations. Advanced Materials Interfaces, 11(14); 1–9
Matei, E., A. Predescu, C. Dragan, C. Pantilimon, and C. Predescu (2017). Characterization of Magnetic Nanoiron Oxides for the Removal of Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution. Analytical Letters, 50(17); 2822–2838
Mielke, H. W., C. R. Gonzales, E. T. Powell, and S. P. Egendorf (2022). Lead in Air, Soil, and Blood: Pb Poisoning in a Changing World. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15); 1–30
Mohamed, F., M. Shaban, G. Aljohani, and A. M. Ahmed (2021). Synthesis of Novel Eco-Friendly CaO/C Photocatalyst from Coffee and Eggshell Wastes for Dye Degradation. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 14; 3140–3149
Mohammadi Aghdam, S., B. Valinezhad Saghezi, Y. Mortazavi, and S. M. Qhoreishi (2018). Modified Fe3O4/HAP Magnetically Nanoparticles as the Carrier for Ibuprofen: Adsorption and Release Study. Drug Research, 69(2); 93–99
Murmu, R., S. M. George, P. Yuvarani, P. Bhatnagar, K. Amudha, C. Engineering, G. Noida, and T. Nadu (2024). Sustainable Solutions for Heavy Metal Contamination: Characterization and Regeneration of Water Hyacinth Biosorbent in Wastewater Treatment. 26(X); 1–8
Mushtaq, A., R. Zhao, D. Luo, E. Dempsey, X. Wang, M. Z. Iqbal, and X. Kong (2021). Magnetic Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites: The Advances from Synthesis to Biomedical Applications. Materials and Design, 19(7); 1–54
Ng, K. C., M. Burhan, M. W. Shahzad, and A. B. Ismail (2017). A Universal Isotherm Model to Capture Adsorption Uptake and Energy Distribution of Porous Heterogeneous Surface. Scientific Reports, 7(1); 1–11
Ngouoko, J. J. K., K. Y. Tajeu, C. G. Fotsop, A. K. Tamo, G. Doungmo, R. C. T. Temgoua, T. Kamgaing, and I. K. Tonle (2022). Calcium Carbonate Originating from Snail Shells for Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite/L-Lysine Composite: Characterization and Application to the Electroanalysis of Toluidine Blue. Crystals, 12(9); 1189
Noh, Y. K., A. Dos Santos Da Costa, Y. S. Park, P. Du, I. H. Kim, and K. Park (2019). Fabrication of Bacterial Cellulose-Collagen Composite Scaffolds and Their Osteogenic Effect on Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Carbohydrate Polymers, 219; 210–218
Radon, A., A. Drygala, L. Hawelek, and D. Lukowiec (2017). Structure and Optical Properties of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Synthesized by Co-Precipitation Method with Different Organic Modifiers. Materials Characterization, 131; 148–156
Saikumari, N., S. M. Dev, and S. A. Dev (2021). Effect of Calcination Temperature on the Properties and Applications of Bio Extract Mediated Titania Nano Particles. Scientific Reports, 11(1); 1–17
Salsabila, N., V. Amalia, and R. Fitriyani (2023). Synthesis and Characterization of HAp/Fe3O4 Composite from Cow Bone as Lead (II) Metal Ion Adsorbent. Journal Chemistry, 1(1); 49–59
Santucci, R. J. and J. R. Scully (2020). The Pervasive Threat of Lead (Pb) in Drinking Water: Unmasking and Pursuing Scientific Factors That Govern Lead Release. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(38); 23211–23218
Shi, W., M. Xia, F. Wang, L. Dong, and S. Zhu (2021). Efficient Absorption Properties of Surface Grafted HEDP-HAP Composites for Pb2+ and Cu2+: Experimental Study and Visualization Study of Interaction Based on Becke Surface Analysis and Independent Gradient Model. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 401; 1–12
Sneha, M., N. Meenakshi Sundaram, and A. Kandaswamy (2016). Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetite/Hydroxyapatite Tubes Using Natural Template for Biomedical Applications. Bulletin of Materials Science, 39(2); 509–517
Vahdat, A., B. Ghasemi, and M. Yousefpour (2019). Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite and Hydroxyapatite/Fe3O4 Nanocomposite for Removal of Heavy Metals. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management, 12; 100233
Vesali-Naseh, M., M. R. Vesali Naseh, and P. Ameri (2021). Adsorption of Pb (II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Carbon Nanotubes: A Systematic Review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 291; 125917
Wang, J. and X. Guo (2020). Adsorption Isotherm Models: Classification, Physical Meaning, Application and Solving Method. Chemosphere, 258; 127–279
Wang, X., G. Wang, A. Marchetti, L. Wu, L. Wu, and Y. Guan (2019). Preparation of Porous Hydroxyapatite and Its Application in Pb Ions Effective Removal. AIP Advances, 9(2)
Yan, S., W. Yu, T. Yang, Q. Li, and J. Guo (2022). The Adsorption of Corn Stalk Biochar for Pb and Cd: Preparation, Characterization, and Batch Adsorption Study. Separations, 9(2); 1–13
Yang, M., L. Lin, B. Wang, Y. Wang, L. Zhang, Y. Jiang, M. Zhao, J. Zeng, H. Chen, and Y. Zhang (2021). A Facile Yet Versatile Method for Adsorption and Relayed Fluorescent Detection of Heavy Metal Ions. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9(4); 105737
Authors
Charlena, Nazriati, Marita Soebrata, B. ., & Dicky Iswara, M. (2025). Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Composites Based on Tutut (Belamya Javanica) and Magnetite by Coprecipitation as Adsorbents of Pb Metals Ion. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(1), 111–122. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2025.10.1.111-122
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