Synthesis of Au-Pd-NPs Materials and Application as Electrochemical Sensor of Hydroquinone in Cosmetics
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Keywords:
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Au-Pd-NPs, Sensor, Hydroquinone, Cosmetics Synthesis
Abstract
Hydroquinone is a hazardous and toxic chemical often added to cosmetics due to bleaching properties. It is commonly analyzed in cosmetics using expensive and time-consuming instruments, showing the need for a cheap, fast, and sensitive hydroquinone electrochemical sensor. The performance of electrochemical sensor to detect hydroquinone is determined by the working electrode. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the synthesis of Au-Pd-NPs working electrode and application as electrochemical sensor of hydroquinone in cosmetics. Synthesis process was carried out by preparing Au-NPs using banana peel extract (Musa acuminata Colla) as a bioreductor, followed by adding H2PdCl4 solution. Au-NPs nanoparticle was confirmed using Ultraviolet-Visible spectrophotometer, which showed maximum wavelength of 550 nm. The indication of Au-Pd-NPs was shown by the peak at the same wavelength. The FTIR spectrum showed pectin which acted as a bioreductant agent in synthesis of nanoparticles. The results of the TEM image showed that Au-NPs had a spherical shape in the dark field with a diameter of 38.5 ± 3.3 nm and a Pd shell layer around the Au core in the bright field with a diameter of 12.4 ± 2.6 nm. The solid Au-Pd-NPs materials were made into a composite electrode by adding PVC and tetrahydrofuran as solvents. Electrochemical response of Au-Pd-NPs electrode was tested by cyclic voltammetry in ferricyanide and PBS solutions at pH 7.0. Based on CV in the ferricyanide system, it shows that Au-Pd-NPs electrode produces peak oxidation and reduction currents ten times higher than Au-NPs. These data indicate that Au-Pd-NPs are more reactive and sensitive than Au-NPs electrodes. The Au-Pd-NPs electrode was used to analysis the concentration of hydroquinone in cosmetics samples. Electrochemical response showed a linearity (R2) of 0.9935 in concentration range of 0-60 mM, containing 1.12% hydroquinone.
References
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Emaga, T., R. Andrianaivo, B. Wathelet, J. Tchango, and M. Paquot (2007). Effects of the Stage of Maturation and Varieties on the Chemical Composition of Banana and Plantain Peels. Food Chemistry, 103; 590–600
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Huang, X. and M. El-Sayed (2010). Gold Nanoparticles: Optical Properties and Implementations in Cancer Diagnosis and Photothermal Therapy. Journal of Advanced Research, 1(1); 13–28
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Khoshroo, A., M. Mazloum-Ardakani, and M. Forat-Yazdi (2018). Enhanced Performance of Label-Free Electrochemical Immunosensor for Carbohydrate Antigen 15-3 Based on Catalytic Activity of Cobalt Sulfide/Graphene Nanocomposite. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 255; 580–587
Kumar, N. and R. Goyal (2017). Gold-Palladium Nanoparticles Aided Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Sensor for the Simultaneous Estimation of Lomefloxacin and Amoxicillin. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 243; 658–668
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Li, Y., J. He, J. Chen, Y. Niu, Y. Zhao, Y. Zhang, and C. Yu (2018). A Dual-Type Responsive Electrochemical Immunosensor for Quantitative Detection of PCSK9 Based on n-C60-PdPt/N-GNRs and Pt-Poly (Methylene Blue) Nanocomposites. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 101; 7–13
Lin, C., J. Sheu, H. Wu, and Y. Huang (2005). Determination of Hydroquinone in Cosmetic Emulsion Using Microdialysis Sampling Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 38(3); 414–419.
Liu, C., J. Dong, G. Waterhouse, Z. Cheng, and S. Ai (2018). Electrochemical Immunosensor with Nanocellulose-Au Composite Assisted Multiple Signal Amplification for Detection of Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup. J. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 101; 110–115.
Liu, S., Y. Shen, C. Chiu, S. Rej, P. Lin, Y. Tsao, and M. Huang (2015). Direct Synthesis of Palladium Nanocrystals in Aqueous Solution with Systematic Shape Evolution. Langmuir, 31(23); 6538–6545.
Melisa, C. and W. Jay (2009). FDA Proposes Hydroquinone Ban. J. Cul Afr Wmn Stds, 14; 5–16.
Mersal, G. (2009). Electrochemical Sensor for Voltammetric Determination of Catechol Based on Screen Printed Graphite Electrode. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 4(8); 1167–1177.
Nurhan, A., T. Mu, N. Rizki, E. Zuhrufi, G. Putri, and M. Firdaus (2017). Pengetahuan Ibu-Ibu Mengenai Kosmetik Yang Aman Dan Bebas Dari Kandungan Bahan Kimia Berbahaya. Jurnal Farmasi Komunitas, 4(1); 15–19.
Pereira, M., R. de Souza Paiva, T. Vasconcelos, A. Oliveira, M. Salles, H. Toma, and D. Grasseschi (2020). Photoinduced Electron Transfer Dynamics of AuNPs and Au@PdNPs Supported on Graphene Oxide Probed by Dark-Field Hyperspectral Microscopy. Dalton Transactions, 49(45); 16296–16304.
Pistonesi, M., M. Di Nezio, M. Centurión, M. Palomeque, A. Lista, and B. Band (2006). Determination of Phenol, Resorcinol and Hydroquinone in Air Samples by Synchronous Fluorescence Using Partial Least-Squares (PLS). Talanta, 69(5); 1265–1268.
Sangwan, S. and R. Seth (2021). Synthesis, Characterization and Stability of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) in Different Buffer Systems. Journal of Cluster Science; 1–16.
Shore, A., Z. Mazzochette, and A. Mugweru (2016). Mixed Valence Mn, La, Sr-Oxide Based Magnetic Nanoparticles Coated with Silica Nanoparticles for Use in an Electrochemical Immunosensor for IgG. Microchimica Acta, 183; 475–483.
Siddique, S., Z. Parveen, Z. Ali, and M. Zaheer (2012). Qualitative and Quantitative Estimation of Hydroquinone in Skin Whitening Cosmetics. Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications, 2(3); 224.
Sotomayor, M., A. Tanaka, and L. Kubota (2022). Development of an Enzymeless Biosensor for the Determination of Phenolic Compounds. Analytica Chimica Acta, 455(2); 215–223.
Thongnopkun, P., M. Jamkratoke, and Y. Jitkam (2018). Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticle Using Natural Reducing Sugar from Cultivated Banana Peel. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1144; 012159.
Tsai, Y. and C. Chiu (2007). Amperometric Biosensors Based on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube-Nafion-Tyrosinase Nanobiocomposites for the Determination of Phenolic Compounds. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 125(1); 10–16.
Wang, L., Y. Zhang, A. Wu, and G. Wei (2017). Designed Graphene-Peptide Nanocomposites for Biosensor Applications: A Review. Analytica Chimica Acta, 985; 24–40.
Westerhof, W. and T. Kooyers (2005). Hydroquinone and Its Analogues in Dermatology-A Potential Health Risk. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 4(2); 55–59.
Zhan, G., J. Huang, M. Du, I. Abdul-Rauf, Y. Ma, and Q. Li (2011). Green Synthesis of Au-Pd Bimetallic Nanoparticles: Single-Step Bioreduction Method with Plant Extract. Materials Letters, 65(19-20); 2989–2991.
Zhang, Y., Y. Huang, H. Chen, X. Luo, J. Zhang, H. Wang, and S. Wang (2022). Design of a Nanocomposite with Gold Nanoparticles as the Core and Casein-Templated Gold Nanoclusters as the Shell with Ultra-Low Protein Corona for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. Materials Advances, 3(23); 8438–8448.
Zhao, D., X. Zhang, L. Feng, L. Jia, and S. Wang (2009). Simultaneous Determination of Hydroquinone and Catechol at PASA/MWNTs Composite Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 74(1); 317–321.
Aziz, M., T. Selvaraju, and H. Yang (2007). Selective Determination of Catechol in the Presence of Hydroquinone at Bare Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes via Peak-Potential Separation and Redox Cycling by Hydrazine. Electroanalysis, 19(14); 1543–1546
Bar, H., D. Bhui, G. Sahoo, P. Sarkar, S. Pyne, and A. Misra (2009). Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Seed Extract of Jatropha Curcas. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 348(1–3); 212–216
Bhardwaj, J., S. Devarakonda, S. Kumar, and J. Jang (2017). Development of a Paper-Based Electrochemical Immunosensor Using an Antibody-Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes Bio-Conjugate Modified Electrode for Label-Free Detection of Foodborne Pathogens. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 253; 115–123
Bindhu, M. and M. Umadevi (2013). Synthesis of Monodispersed Silver Nanoparticles Using Hibiscus cannabinus Leaf Extract and Its Antimicrobial Activity. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 101; 184–190
Chafidz, A., A. Afandi, B. Rosa, J. Suhartono, P. Hidayat, and H. Junaedi (2020). Production of Silver Nanoparticles via Green Method Using Banana Raja Peel Extract as a Reducing Agent. Communications in Science and Technology, 5(2); 112–118
Chakti, A., E. Simaremare, and R. Pratiwi (2019). Analisis Merkuri dan Hidrokuinon pada Krim Pemutih yang Beredar di Jayapura. Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi, 8(1); 1–11
Desiderio, C., L. Ossicini, and S. Fanali (2000). Analysis of Hydroquinone and Some of Its Ethers by Using Capillary Electrochromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 887(1-2); 489–496
Dmochowska, A., J. Czajkowska, R. Jędrzejewski, W. Stawiński, P. Migdał, and M. Fiedot-Toboła (2020). Pectin Based Banana Peel Extract as a Stabilizing Agent in Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesis. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 165; 1581–1592
Du, X., X. Zheng, Z. Zhang, X. Wu, L. Sun, J. Zhou, and M. Liu (2019). A Label-Free Electrochemical Immunosensor for Detection of the Tumor Marker CA242 Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide-Gold-Palladium Nanocomposite. Nanomaterials, 9(9); 1335
Elferjani, H., N. Ahmida, and A. Ahmida (2017). Determination of Hydroquinone in Some Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Preparations by Spectrophotometric Method. International Journal of Scientific Research, 6; 2219–2224
Emaga, T., R. Andrianaivo, B. Wathelet, J. Tchango, and M. Paquot (2007). Effects of the Stage of Maturation and Varieties on the Chemical Composition of Banana and Plantain Peels. Food Chemistry, 103; 590–600
González, J., E. Laborda, and A. Molina (2022). Voltammetric Kinetic Studies of Electrode Reactions: Guidelines for Detailed Understanding of Their Fundamentals. Journal of Chemical Education, 100(2); 697–706
Huang, X. and M. El-Sayed (2010). Gold Nanoparticles: Optical Properties and Implementations in Cancer Diagnosis and Photothermal Therapy. Journal of Advanced Research, 1(1); 13–28
Kapil, N., F. Cardinale, T. Weissenberger, P. Trogadas, T. Nijhuis, M. Nigra, and M. Coppens (2021). Gold Nanoparticles with Tailored Size Through Ligand Modification for Catalytic Applications. Chemical Communications, 57(82); 10775–10778
Khan, I., K. Saeed, and I. Khan (2019). Nanoparticles: Properties, Applications and Toxicities. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 12(7); 908–931
Khoshroo, A., M. Mazloum-Ardakani, and M. Forat-Yazdi (2018). Enhanced Performance of Label-Free Electrochemical Immunosensor for Carbohydrate Antigen 15-3 Based on Catalytic Activity of Cobalt Sulfide/Graphene Nanocomposite. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 255; 580–587
Kumar, N. and R. Goyal (2017). Gold-Palladium Nanoparticles Aided Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Sensor for the Simultaneous Estimation of Lomefloxacin and Amoxicillin. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 243; 658–668
Lei, Y., G. Zhao, M. Liu, X. Xiao, Y. Tang, and D. Li (2007). Simple and Feasible Simultaneous Determination of Three Phenolic Pollutants on Boron-Doped Diamond Film Electrode. Electroanalysis, 19(18); 1933–1938
Li, Y., J. He, J. Chen, Y. Niu, Y. Zhao, Y. Zhang, and C. Yu (2018). A Dual-Type Responsive Electrochemical Immunosensor for Quantitative Detection of PCSK9 Based on n-C60-PdPt/N-GNRs and Pt-Poly (Methylene Blue) Nanocomposites. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 101; 7–13
Lin, C., J. Sheu, H. Wu, and Y. Huang (2005). Determination of Hydroquinone in Cosmetic Emulsion Using Microdialysis Sampling Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 38(3); 414–419.
Liu, C., J. Dong, G. Waterhouse, Z. Cheng, and S. Ai (2018). Electrochemical Immunosensor with Nanocellulose-Au Composite Assisted Multiple Signal Amplification for Detection of Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup. J. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 101; 110–115.
Liu, S., Y. Shen, C. Chiu, S. Rej, P. Lin, Y. Tsao, and M. Huang (2015). Direct Synthesis of Palladium Nanocrystals in Aqueous Solution with Systematic Shape Evolution. Langmuir, 31(23); 6538–6545.
Melisa, C. and W. Jay (2009). FDA Proposes Hydroquinone Ban. J. Cul Afr Wmn Stds, 14; 5–16.
Mersal, G. (2009). Electrochemical Sensor for Voltammetric Determination of Catechol Based on Screen Printed Graphite Electrode. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 4(8); 1167–1177.
Nurhan, A., T. Mu, N. Rizki, E. Zuhrufi, G. Putri, and M. Firdaus (2017). Pengetahuan Ibu-Ibu Mengenai Kosmetik Yang Aman Dan Bebas Dari Kandungan Bahan Kimia Berbahaya. Jurnal Farmasi Komunitas, 4(1); 15–19.
Pereira, M., R. de Souza Paiva, T. Vasconcelos, A. Oliveira, M. Salles, H. Toma, and D. Grasseschi (2020). Photoinduced Electron Transfer Dynamics of AuNPs and Au@PdNPs Supported on Graphene Oxide Probed by Dark-Field Hyperspectral Microscopy. Dalton Transactions, 49(45); 16296–16304.
Pistonesi, M., M. Di Nezio, M. Centurión, M. Palomeque, A. Lista, and B. Band (2006). Determination of Phenol, Resorcinol and Hydroquinone in Air Samples by Synchronous Fluorescence Using Partial Least-Squares (PLS). Talanta, 69(5); 1265–1268.
Sangwan, S. and R. Seth (2021). Synthesis, Characterization and Stability of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) in Different Buffer Systems. Journal of Cluster Science; 1–16.
Shore, A., Z. Mazzochette, and A. Mugweru (2016). Mixed Valence Mn, La, Sr-Oxide Based Magnetic Nanoparticles Coated with Silica Nanoparticles for Use in an Electrochemical Immunosensor for IgG. Microchimica Acta, 183; 475–483.
Siddique, S., Z. Parveen, Z. Ali, and M. Zaheer (2012). Qualitative and Quantitative Estimation of Hydroquinone in Skin Whitening Cosmetics. Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications, 2(3); 224.
Sotomayor, M., A. Tanaka, and L. Kubota (2022). Development of an Enzymeless Biosensor for the Determination of Phenolic Compounds. Analytica Chimica Acta, 455(2); 215–223.
Thongnopkun, P., M. Jamkratoke, and Y. Jitkam (2018). Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticle Using Natural Reducing Sugar from Cultivated Banana Peel. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1144; 012159.
Tsai, Y. and C. Chiu (2007). Amperometric Biosensors Based on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube-Nafion-Tyrosinase Nanobiocomposites for the Determination of Phenolic Compounds. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 125(1); 10–16.
Wang, L., Y. Zhang, A. Wu, and G. Wei (2017). Designed Graphene-Peptide Nanocomposites for Biosensor Applications: A Review. Analytica Chimica Acta, 985; 24–40.
Westerhof, W. and T. Kooyers (2005). Hydroquinone and Its Analogues in Dermatology-A Potential Health Risk. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 4(2); 55–59.
Zhan, G., J. Huang, M. Du, I. Abdul-Rauf, Y. Ma, and Q. Li (2011). Green Synthesis of Au-Pd Bimetallic Nanoparticles: Single-Step Bioreduction Method with Plant Extract. Materials Letters, 65(19-20); 2989–2991.
Zhang, Y., Y. Huang, H. Chen, X. Luo, J. Zhang, H. Wang, and S. Wang (2022). Design of a Nanocomposite with Gold Nanoparticles as the Core and Casein-Templated Gold Nanoclusters as the Shell with Ultra-Low Protein Corona for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. Materials Advances, 3(23); 8438–8448.
Zhao, D., X. Zhang, L. Feng, L. Jia, and S. Wang (2009). Simultaneous Determination of Hydroquinone and Catechol at PASA/MWNTs Composite Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 74(1); 317–321.
Authors
Riyanto, Mardliyaliari, S., Sabrina, A., & Ridho, M. . (2025). Synthesis of Au-Pd-NPs Materials and Application as Electrochemical Sensor of Hydroquinone in Cosmetics. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(1), 294–302. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2025.10.1.294-302
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