Synthesis and Characterization of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Nanofiber Membranes with Annonamuricata and Terminalia catappa Leaf Extract
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Keywords:
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Membranes, Soursop, Katapang, Polyvinyl Alcohol, Antibacterial
Abstract
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is hydrophilic, flexible, elastic, and environmentally friendly, leading to the wide use as a binder in nanofiber matrices. The nanofibers of PVA are frequently combined with extract possessing antibacterial properties for characterization. Therefore, this study aimed to produce PVA nanofibers incorporating soursop leaf extract (ALE) and catappa leaf extract (CLE) using electrospinning for the investigation of the physicochemical, mechanical, and antibacterial properties. Electron microscopy showed that the electrospun nanofibers had a yellowish-brown surface with diameters ranging from 962 nm to 1323 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed the presence of functional groups interacting through hydrogen bonding, leading to a shift in wavenumbers. The tensile strength of PAC-1, PAC-2, and PAC-3 nanofibers decreased from 8.46 MPa to 4.27 MPa, followed by a reduction in Young’s modulus from 20.2 MPa to 0.89 MPa. The effect of extract concentration on the reduction in tensile strength and Young’s modulus was related to aggregation in certain areas of the nanofibers and weakened intermolecular polymer interactions. Pure extract had strong antibacterial activity and nanofiber membranes had moderate activity with inhibition zones ranging from 12.3 to 16.8 mm and 8.0 to 14.4 mm, respectively. The results showed that the produced fibers could be used in the biomedical field for wound dressings and filtration, as well as in textiles.
References
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Outer Membrane Vesicles of Gram-Negative Bacteria: An Outlook on Biogenesis. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12; 557902
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Enhanced Mechanical Properties and Electrical Conductivity of Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol Electrospun Nanofibers by Incorporation of Graphene Nanoplatelets. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 125; 104975
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Antifungal Annona muricata L. (Soursop) Extract Targets the Cell Envelope of Multi-Drug Resistant Candida Albicans. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 301; 115856
Chan, W. J. J., A. J. McLachlan, J. R. Hanrahan, and J. E. Harnett (2020).
The Safety and Tolerability of Annona muricata Leaf Extract: A Systematic Review. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 72(1); 1–16
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Development of Moringa Oleifera Standardized Leaf Extract Nanofibers Impregnated onto Hydrocolloid Film as a Potential Chronic Wound Dressing. Fibers and Polymers, 21(11); 2462–2472
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Antibacterial Activity of Ketapang (Terminalia cattapa L.) Leaf Extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates of Diabetic Wounds. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Medical Technology (ICoMTech 2021), 1; 93–101
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Characterization and Compatibility of Dry Extract from Annona muricata L. and Pharmaceutical Excipients. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 143(1); 237–246
Dewi, A. P. and D. Mardhiyani (2021).
Formulation and Antibacterial Activity of Liquid Soap Containing Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) Leaves Extract. Borneo Journal of Pharmacy, 4(1); 43–50
Gheibi, P., N. Jabbari, N. K. Alghari, S. M. Nesaei, R. Farhoudi, and Z. Eftekhari (2024).
Electrospun PVA Nanofibers Loaded with Antimicrobial Herbal Extracts for Healing the Infectious Wound. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products, 19(1); 1–10
Hafid, H. S., F. N. Omar, J. Zhu, and M. Wakisaka (2021).
Enhanced Crystallinity and Thermal Properties of Cellulose from Rice Husk Using Acid Hydrolysis Treatment. Carbohydrate Polymers, 260; 117789
Haleem, N., A. Khattak, Y. Jamal, M. Sajid, Z. Shahzad, and H. Raza (2022).
Development of Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) Based Biochar Nanofibers for Carbon Dioxide CO₂ Adsorption. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 157; 112019
Ilango, S., D. K. Sahoo, B. Paital, K. Kathirvel, J. I. Gabriel, K. Subramaniam, P. Jayachandran, R. K. Dash, A. K. Hati, T. R. Behera, P. Mishra, and R. Nirmaladevi (2022).
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Antibacterial and Wound Healing Potential of Electrospun PVA/MMT Nanofibers Containing Root Extract of Berberis lycium. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 79; 103987
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AgNPs-Incorporated Nanofiber Mats: Relationship Between AgNPs Size/Content, Silver Release, Cytotoxicity, and Antibacterial Activity. Materials Science and Engineering C, 118; 111331
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Akinsiku, A. A., R. O. Odaudu, O. C. De Campos, A. O. Adeyemi, and O. Ejilude (2023). Synthesis of Low Toxic Silver-Cobalt Nanoparticles Using Annona muricata Leaf Extract: Antimicrobial Evaluation. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 153; 110837
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Al-Abduljabbar, A. and I. Farooq (2023). Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers: Processing, Properties, and Applications. Polymers, 15(1); 65
Alfikro, I., Jorena, O. C. Satya, E. Koriyanti, F. Monado, and I. Royani (2024). Assessment of Different Crosslinking Mechanisms on PVA-Based Membranes to Achieve Water Resistance with Iron Imprinting Sites. Chimica Techno Acta, 11(3); 6–13
Almafie, M. R., R. Dani, Riyanto, L. Marlina, J. Jauhari, and I. Sriyanti (2024). Preparation of PAN/PVDF Nanofiber Mats Loaded with Coconut Shell Activated Carbon and Silicon Dioxide for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(2); 427–447
Almafie, M. R., A. Fudholi, R. Dani, M. K. N. A. Idjan, I. Royani, and I. Sriyanti (2025). Effects of Electrospinning Parameters on Polycaprolactone Membrane Diameter: An Investigation Utilizing Central Composite Design and Characterization. Results in Engineering, 25; 104002
Almafie, M. R., Z. Nawawi, J. Jauhari, and I. Sriyanti (2020). Electrospun of Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)/Potassium Hydroxide (PVA/KOH) Nanofiber Composites Using the Electrospinning Method. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 850(1); p. 012051
Annu, A. Ali, and S. Ahmed (2021). Eco-Friendly Natural Extract Loaded Antioxidative Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol Based Active Films for Food Packaging. Heliyon, 7(3); e06550
Ansari, M. A., A. Kalam, A. G. Al-Sehemi, and M. N. Alomary (2021). Counteraction of Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Potential of Terminalia catappa Functionalized Silver Nanoparticles against Candida albicans and Multidrug Resistant Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria. Antibiotics, 10; 1–21
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Outer Membrane Vesicles of Gram-Negative Bacteria: An Outlook on Biogenesis. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12; 557902
Bazzi, M., I. Shabani, and J. A. Mohandesi (2022).
Enhanced Mechanical Properties and Electrical Conductivity of Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol Electrospun Nanofibers by Incorporation of Graphene Nanoplatelets. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 125; 104975
Bhat, V. G., S. S. Narasagoudr, S. P. Masti, R. B. Chougale, A. B. Vantamuri, and D. Kasai (2022).
Development and Evaluation of Moringa Extract Incorporated Chitosan/Guar Gum/Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Active Films for Food Packaging Applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 200; 50–60
Bouagnon, J. J. R., Y. Konan, K. I. Sinan, F. Konan, G. E. K. Bolou, L. R. Koffi, D. Yeo, J. D. N’Guessan, G. Zengin, A. J. Djaman, M. A. Yılmaz, and M. Dosso (2024).
In Vitro Research to Evaluate the Antioxidant Effects, Inhibiting Enzymes, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains of Terminalia catappa Extracts. Scientific African, 23; e02058
Campos, L. M., A. S. O. Lemos, I. O. M. Diniz, L. A. Carvalho, T. P. Silva, P. R. B. Dib, E. D. Hottz, L. M. Chedier, R. C. N. Melo, and R. L. Fabri (2023).
Antifungal Annona muricata L. (Soursop) Extract Targets the Cell Envelope of Multi-Drug Resistant Candida Albicans. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 301; 115856
Chan, W. J. J., A. J. McLachlan, J. R. Hanrahan, and J. E. Harnett (2020).
The Safety and Tolerability of Annona muricata Leaf Extract: A Systematic Review. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 72(1); 1–16
Chin, C. Y. and S. F. Ng (2020).
Development of Moringa Oleifera Standardized Leaf Extract Nanofibers Impregnated onto Hydrocolloid Film as a Potential Chronic Wound Dressing. Fibers and Polymers, 21(11); 2462–2472
Darmawati, S., L. Kurniasih, H. N. A. Safitri, B. S. Pratomo, and M. E. Prastiyanto (2023).
Antibacterial Activity of Ketapang (Terminalia cattapa L.) Leaf Extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates of Diabetic Wounds. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Medical Technology (ICoMTech 2021), 1; 93–101
de Andrade, F. H. D., R. S. de Araújo Batista, T. B. L. Melo, F. H. A. Fernandes, R. O. Macedo, F. S. de Souza, and A. G. Wanderley (2021).
Characterization and Compatibility of Dry Extract from Annona muricata L. and Pharmaceutical Excipients. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 143(1); 237–246
Dewi, A. P. and D. Mardhiyani (2021).
Formulation and Antibacterial Activity of Liquid Soap Containing Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) Leaves Extract. Borneo Journal of Pharmacy, 4(1); 43–50
Gheibi, P., N. Jabbari, N. K. Alghari, S. M. Nesaei, R. Farhoudi, and Z. Eftekhari (2024).
Electrospun PVA Nanofibers Loaded with Antimicrobial Herbal Extracts for Healing the Infectious Wound. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products, 19(1); 1–10
Hafid, H. S., F. N. Omar, J. Zhu, and M. Wakisaka (2021).
Enhanced Crystallinity and Thermal Properties of Cellulose from Rice Husk Using Acid Hydrolysis Treatment. Carbohydrate Polymers, 260; 117789
Haleem, N., A. Khattak, Y. Jamal, M. Sajid, Z. Shahzad, and H. Raza (2022).
Development of Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) Based Biochar Nanofibers for Carbon Dioxide CO₂ Adsorption. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 157; 112019
Ilango, S., D. K. Sahoo, B. Paital, K. Kathirvel, J. I. Gabriel, K. Subramaniam, P. Jayachandran, R. K. Dash, A. K. Hati, T. R. Behera, P. Mishra, and R. Nirmaladevi (2022).
A Review on Annona muricata and Its Anticancer Activity. Cancers, 14(18); 1–31
Jemikalajah, J., F. O. Enwa, and E. C. Chiedozie (2021).
Antibacterial Activity of Annona muricata (Soursop) Leaf Extract on Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, 32(3); 13918–13923
Keirouz, A., Z. Wang, V. S. Reddy, Z. K. Nagy, P. Vass, M. Buzgo, S. Ramakrishna, and N. Radacsi (2023).
The History of Electrospinning: Past, Present, and Future Developments. Advanced Materials Technologies, 8(11); 1–34
Khan, A. K., S. Kaleem, F. Pervaiz, T. A. Sherazi, S. A. Khan, F. A. Khan, T. Jamshaid, M. I. Umar, W. Hassan, M. Ijaz, and G. Murtaza (2023).
Antibacterial and Wound Healing Potential of Electrospun PVA/MMT Nanofibers Containing Root Extract of Berberis lycium. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 79; 103987
Kumar, P., R. Tanwar, V. Gupta, A. Upadhyay, A. Kumar, and K. K. Gaikwad (2021).
Pineapple Peel Extract Incorporated Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)-Corn Starch Film for Active Food Packaging: Preparation, Characterization and Antioxidant Activity. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 187; 223–231
Lv, H., S. Cui, Q. Yang, X. Song, D. Wang, J. Hu, Y. Zhou, and Y. Liu (2021).
AgNPs-Incorporated Nanofiber Mats: Relationship Between AgNPs Size/Content, Silver Release, Cytotoxicity, and Antibacterial Activity. Materials Science and Engineering C, 118; 111331
Madhavan, K., Y. Rukayadi, and N. A. A. Mutalib (2023).
Phytochemical Constituents and Toxicity Analysis of Ethanolic Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) Leaf Extract. Malaysian Applied Biology, 52(3); 105–114
Mwangi, W. C., W. Waudo, M. E. Shigwenya, and J. Gichuki (2024).
Phytochemical Characterization, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Terminalia catappa Methanol and Aqueous Extracts. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 24(1); 1–11
Ngemenya, M. N., R. Asongana, D. Zofou, R. A. Ndip, L. O. Itoe, and S. B. Babiaka (2022).
In Vitro Antibacterial Potential Against Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella, Cytotoxicity, and Acute Biochemical Effects in Mice of Annona muricata Leaf Extracts. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2022(1); 3144684
Nikbakht, M., M. Salehi, S. M. Rezaya, and R. F. Majidi (2020). Various Parameters in the Preparation of Chitosan/Polyethylene Oxide Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Aloe Vera Extract for Medical Applications. Nanomedicine Journal, 7(1); 21–28
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Authors
Fitria, S. ., Almafie, M. R., Alfikro, I., Monado, F., Sriyanti, I. ., & Royani, I. (2025). Synthesis and Characterization of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Nanofiber Membranes with Annonamuricata and Terminalia catappa Leaf Extract. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(3), 837–846. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2025.10.3.837-846
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