Enhanced Growth Control of Silver Nanowires Through Silver Nitrate Concentration for the Optical, Thermal, Crystal Structure, and Morphology Properties
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Keywords:
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Silver Nanowires, Silver Nitrate, Nanomaterials, Characterization, Polyol
Abstract
Silver nanowires were successfully synthesized using the polyol method with silver nitrate concentrations of 0.3 M and 0.5 M. The synthesized silver nanowires were characterized using UV-Vis, FTIR, DTA/TGA, XRD, TEM, SEM–EDX, and SAED to investigate their optical, chemical, thermal, structural, and morphological properties. UV-Vis spectra exhibited characteristic surface plasmon resonance absorption bands at 350-390 nm, with peak positions influenced by changes in nanowire dimensions and aspect ratio as a function of silver nitrate concentration. FTIR analysis confirmed the interaction of polyvinylpyrrolidone and ethylene glycol with the silver surface, indicating effective surface stabilization during synthesis. Thermal analysis showed that silver nanowires synthesized at 0.5 M possessed higher thermal stability, as evidenced by higher decomposition temperatures and greater residual mass. XRD patterns revealed the characteristic face-centered cubic crystal structure of silver with dominant diffraction planes of (111), (200), (220), (311), and (222). TEM and SAED analyses confirmed the formation of one-dimensional polycrystalline silver nanowires, while SEM observations showed that increasing silver nitrate concentration produced nanowires with smaller diameters (185.79 ± 3 nm) and longer lengths (16.98 ± 2 µm). EDX analysis further verified the high purity of silver in the synthesized samples. These results demonstrate that silver nitrate concentration plays a crucial role in controlling the optical, thermal, structural, and morphological characteristics of silver nanowires synthesized via the polyol method. The improved properties obtained at higher precursor concentration highlight the potential of these silver nanowires as conductive nanomaterials for transparent conductive films, flexible electronics, optoelectronic devices, and sensor applications.
References
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Kelly, K. L., E. Coronado, L. L. Zhao, and G. C. Schatz (2003). The Optical Properties of Metal Nanoparticles: The Influence of Size, Shape, and Dielectric Environment. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 107(3); 668–677
Kurniawidi, D. W., S. Rahayu, A. Budianto, K. Saputra, W. P. Agista, T. Suprayogi, and R. Marlina (2025). Synthesis and Characterization of TiO2/CaTiO3 Perovskite Composite Derived from Pinctada maxima Shell Waste. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(3); 924–942
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Lestariana, E., H. Supriyatno, H. R. D. Sitompul, A. Restasari, and Y. Yulizar (2025). Preparation and Characterization of ZnO-Fe2O3 Nanocomposite Using Green Synthesis Method and Its Application in Powder Pyrotechnics. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(2); 493–503
Lin, Y., W. Yuan, C. Ding, S. Chen, W. Su, H. Hu, Z. Cui, and F. Li (2020). Facile and Efficient Patterning Method for Silver Nanowires and Its Application to Stretchable Electroluminescent Displays. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 12(21); 24074–24085
Liu, B., H. Yan, S. Chen, Y. Guan, G. Wu, R. Jin, and L. Li (2017). Stable and Controllable Synthesis of Silver Nanowires for Transparent Conducting Film. Nanoscale Research Letters, 12(1); 212
Liu, W., K. Wang, Y. Zhou, X. Guan, P. Che, and Y. Han (2019). Rational Synthesis of Silver Nanowires at an Electrode Interface by Diffusion Limitation. Crystal Engineering Communications, 21(9); 1466–1473
Naz, G., H. Asghar, M. Ramzan, M. Arshad, R. Ahmed, M. B. Tahir, B. U. Haq, N. Baig, and J. Jalil (2021). High-Yield Synthesis of Silver Nanowires for Transparent Conducting PET Films. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 12(1); 624–632
Olewnik-Kruszkowska, E., M. Gierszewska, E. Jakubowska, I. Tarach, V. Sedlarik, and M. Pummerova (2019). Antibacterial Films Based on PVA and PVA–Chitosan Modified with Poly(Hexamethylene Guanidine). Polymers, 11(12); 2093
Shi, Y. and J. Fang (2022). Large-Scale Synthesis of High-Purity Silver Nanowires with Reduced Diameters by the Polyethylene Glycol-Assisted Polyol Method. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 126(46); 19866–19871
Smith, B. C. (2011). Fundamentals of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. CRC Press, 2 edition
Stuart, B. H. (2004). Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications. John Wiley & Sons
Sun, Y., B. Mayers, T. Herricks, and Y. Xia (2003). Polyol Synthesis of Uniform Silver Nanowires: A Plausible Growth Mechanism and the Supporting Evidence. Nano Letters, 3(7); 955–960
Wang, C., D. R. Baer, J. E. Amonette, M. H. Engelhard, J. Antony, and Y. Qiang (2009). Morphology and Electronic Structure of the Oxide Shell on the Surface of Iron Nanoparticles. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131(25); 8824–8832
Wu, X., Z. Zhou, Y. Wang, and J. Li (2020). Syntheses of Silver Nanowires Ink and Printable Flexible Transparent Conductive Film: A Review. Coatings, 10(9); 865
Xu, F., W. Xu, B. Mao, W. Shen, Y. Yu, R. Tan, and W. Song (2018). Preparation and Cold Welding of Silver Nanowire Based Transparent Electrodes with Optical Transmittances > 90% and Sheet Resistances < 10 Ohm/Sq. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 512; 208–218
Xue, J., T. Wu, Y. Dai, and Y. Xia (2019). Electrospinning and Electrospun Nanofibers: Methods, Materials, and Applications. Chemical Reviews, 119(8); 5298–5415
Yang, Y., S. Duan, and H. Zhao (2022). Advances in Constructing Silver Nanowire-Based Conductive Pathways for Flexible and Stretchable Electronics. Nanoscale, 14(32); 11484–11511
Yang, Y., Z. Zhang, M. Wan, Z. Wang, X. Zou, Y. Zhao, and L. Sun (2020). A Facile Method for the Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles Surface Decorated Polyvinyl Alcohol Electrospun Nanofibers and Controllable Antibacterial Activities. Polymers, 12(11); 2486
Zhang, P., I. Wyman, J. Hu, S. Lin, Z. Zhong, Y. Tu, Z. Huang, and Y. Wei (2017). Silver Nanowires: Synthesis Technologies, Growth Mechanism and Multifunctional Applications. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 223; 1–23
Zhang, W., P. Chen, Q. Gao, Y. Zhang, and Y. Tang (2008). High-Concentration Preparation of Silver Nanowires: Restraining In Situ Nitric Acidic Etching by Steel-Assisted Polyol Method. Chemistry of Materials, 20(5); 1699–1704
Zhang, X., B. Liu, C. Hu, S. Chen, X. Liu, J. Liu, F. Chen, J. Chen, and F. Xie (2020). A Facile Method in Removal of PVP Ligands from Silver Nanowires for High Performance and Reusable SERS Substrate. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 228; 117733
Zhang, X., J. Wu, J. Wang, Q. Yang, B. Zhang, and Z. Xie (2016). Low-temperature All-solution-processed Transparent Silver Nanowire-Polymer/AZO Nanoparticles Composite Electrodes for Efficient ITO-free Polymer Solar Cells. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 8(50); 34630–34637
Zhao, H., H. Yilmaz, C. J. Williams, A. S. Eggeman, and B. Derby (2022). Influence of Twin Boundaries and Sample Dimensions on the Mechanical Behavior of Ag Nanowires. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 829; 142150
Aldakheel, F. M., D. Mohsen, M. M. El Sayed, K. A. Alawam, A. S. Binshaya, and S. A. Alduraywish (2023). Silver Nanoparticles Loaded on Chitosan-g-PVA Hydrogel for the Wound-Healing Applications. Molecules, 28(7); 3241
Amendola, V. and M. Meneghetti (2009). Size Evaluation of Gold Nanoparticles by UV-Vis Spectroscopy. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113(11); 4277–4285
Bai, L., F. Jiang, R. Wang, C. Lee, H. Wang, W. Zhang, W. Jiang, D. Li, B. Ji, Z. Li, S. Gao, J. Xie, and Q. Ma (2020). Ultrathin Gold Nanowires to Enhance Radiation Therapy. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 18(1); 131
Basarir, F., S. De, H. Daghigh Shirazi, and J. Vapaavuori (2022). Ultra-Long Silver Nanowires Prepared via Hydrothermal Synthesis Enable Efficient Transparent Heaters. Nanoscale Advances, 4(20); 4410–4417
Bi, Y.-G., Y.-F. Liu, X.-L. Zhang, D. Yin, W.-Q. Wang, J. Feng, and H.-B. Sun (2019). Ultrathin Metal Films as the Transparent Electrode in ITO-Free Organic Optoelectronic Devices. Advanced Optical Materials, 7(6); 1800778
Cao, L., Q. Huang, J. Cui, H. Lin, W. Li, Z. Lin, and P. Zhang (2020). Rapid and Facile Synthesis of High-Performance Silver Nanowires by a Halide-Mediated, Modified Polyol Method for Transparent Conductive Films. Nanomaterials, 10(6); 1139
Chan, Z., K. Yokawa, W.-Y. Kim, and C.-P. Song (2016). ROS Regulation during Plant Abiotic Stress Responses. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7; 1536. Editorial
Choi, C., E. Schlenker, H. Ha, J. Y. Cheong, and B. Hwang (2023). Versatile Applications of Silver Nanowire-Based Electrodes and Their Impacts. Micromachines, 14(3); 562
Coskun, S., B. Aksoy, and H. E. Unalan (2011). Polyol Synthesis of Silver Nanowires: An Extensive Parametric Study. Crystal Growth & Design, 11(11); 4963–4969
Devaraj, P., P. Kumari, C. Aarti, and A. Renganathan (2013). Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Cannonball Leaves and Their Cytotoxic Activity against MCF-7 Cell Line. Journal of Nanotechnology, 2013(1); 598328
Dzido, G., A. Smolska, and M. O. Farooq (2023). Rapid Synthesis of Silver Nanowires in the Polyol Process with Conventional and Microwave Heating. Applied Sciences, 13(8); 4963
Fitzgerald, M. L., Y. Zhao, Z. Pan, L. Yang, S. Lin, G. Sauti, and D. Li (2021). Contact Thermal Resistance between Silver Nanowires with Poly(Vinylpyrrolidone) Interlayers. Nano Letters, 21(10); 4388–4393
Garnett, E., L. Mai, and P. Yang (2019). Introduction: 1D Nanomaterials/Nanowires. Chemical Reviews, 119(15); 8955–8957
Gaynor, W., J.-Y. Lee, and P. Peumans (2010). Fully Solution-Processed Inverted Polymer Solar Cells with Laminated Nanowire Electrodes. ACS Nano, 4(1); 30–34
Ha, H., C. Amicucci, P. Matteini, and B. Hwang (2022). Mini Review of Synthesis Strategies of Silver Nanowires and Their Applications. Colloid and Interface Science Communications, 50; 100663
Hu, L., H. S. Kim, J.-Y. Lee, P. Peumans, and Y. Cui (2010). Scalable Coating and Properties of Transparent, Flexible, Silver Nanowire Electrodes. ACS Nano, 4(5); 2955–2963
Jia, H., X. Yang, Q.-Q. Kong, L.-J. Xie, Q.-G. Guo, G. Song, L.-L. Liang, J.-P. Chen, Y. Li, and C.-M. Chen (2021). Free-Standing, Anti-Corrosion, Super Flexible Graphene Oxide/Silver Nanowire Thin Films for Ultra-Wideband Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 9(2); 1180–1191
Junaidi, J., K. Maulidiasani, K. Triyana, and K. Khairurrijal (2020). Thin Films of Silver Nanowires for Flexible, Transparent, and Conductive (FTC) Electrodes. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 10(1); 137–144
Junaidi, J., M. W. Saputra, R. Marjunus, S. Sembiring, and S. Hadi (2021). The Quenching and Sonication Effect on the Mechanical Strength of Silver Nanowires Synthesized Using the Polyol Method. Molecules, 26(8); 2167
Junaidi, J., K. Triyana, E. Suharyadi, H. Harsojo, and L. Y. L. Wu (2017). The Roles of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) as the Capping Agent on the Polyol Method for Synthesizing Silver Nanowires. Journal of Nano Research, 49; 174–180
Kelly, K. L., E. Coronado, L. L. Zhao, and G. C. Schatz (2003). The Optical Properties of Metal Nanoparticles: The Influence of Size, Shape, and Dielectric Environment. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 107(3); 668–677
Kurniawidi, D. W., S. Rahayu, A. Budianto, K. Saputra, W. P. Agista, T. Suprayogi, and R. Marlina (2025). Synthesis and Characterization of TiO2/CaTiO3 Perovskite Composite Derived from Pinctada maxima Shell Waste. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(3); 924–942
Kwon, J., Y. D. Suh, J. Lee, P. Lee, S. Han, S. Hong, J. Yeo, H. Lee, and S. H. Ko (2018). Recent Progress in Silver Nanowire Based Flexible/Wearable Optoelectronics. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 6(28); 7445–7461
Larciprete, M. C., A. Albertoni, A. Belardini, G. Leahu, R. Li Voti, F. Mura, C. Sibilia, I. Nefedov, I. V. Anoshkin, E. I. Kauppinen, and A. G. Nasibulin (2012). Infrared Properties of Randomly Oriented Silver Nanowires. Journal of Applied Physics, 112(8); 083503
Lestariana, E., H. Supriyatno, H. R. D. Sitompul, A. Restasari, and Y. Yulizar (2025). Preparation and Characterization of ZnO-Fe2O3 Nanocomposite Using Green Synthesis Method and Its Application in Powder Pyrotechnics. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10(2); 493–503
Lin, Y., W. Yuan, C. Ding, S. Chen, W. Su, H. Hu, Z. Cui, and F. Li (2020). Facile and Efficient Patterning Method for Silver Nanowires and Its Application to Stretchable Electroluminescent Displays. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 12(21); 24074–24085
Liu, B., H. Yan, S. Chen, Y. Guan, G. Wu, R. Jin, and L. Li (2017). Stable and Controllable Synthesis of Silver Nanowires for Transparent Conducting Film. Nanoscale Research Letters, 12(1); 212
Liu, W., K. Wang, Y. Zhou, X. Guan, P. Che, and Y. Han (2019). Rational Synthesis of Silver Nanowires at an Electrode Interface by Diffusion Limitation. Crystal Engineering Communications, 21(9); 1466–1473
Naz, G., H. Asghar, M. Ramzan, M. Arshad, R. Ahmed, M. B. Tahir, B. U. Haq, N. Baig, and J. Jalil (2021). High-Yield Synthesis of Silver Nanowires for Transparent Conducting PET Films. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 12(1); 624–632
Olewnik-Kruszkowska, E., M. Gierszewska, E. Jakubowska, I. Tarach, V. Sedlarik, and M. Pummerova (2019). Antibacterial Films Based on PVA and PVA–Chitosan Modified with Poly(Hexamethylene Guanidine). Polymers, 11(12); 2093
Shi, Y. and J. Fang (2022). Large-Scale Synthesis of High-Purity Silver Nanowires with Reduced Diameters by the Polyethylene Glycol-Assisted Polyol Method. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 126(46); 19866–19871
Smith, B. C. (2011). Fundamentals of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. CRC Press, 2 edition
Stuart, B. H. (2004). Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications. John Wiley & Sons
Sun, Y., B. Mayers, T. Herricks, and Y. Xia (2003). Polyol Synthesis of Uniform Silver Nanowires: A Plausible Growth Mechanism and the Supporting Evidence. Nano Letters, 3(7); 955–960
Wang, C., D. R. Baer, J. E. Amonette, M. H. Engelhard, J. Antony, and Y. Qiang (2009). Morphology and Electronic Structure of the Oxide Shell on the Surface of Iron Nanoparticles. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131(25); 8824–8832
Wu, X., Z. Zhou, Y. Wang, and J. Li (2020). Syntheses of Silver Nanowires Ink and Printable Flexible Transparent Conductive Film: A Review. Coatings, 10(9); 865
Xu, F., W. Xu, B. Mao, W. Shen, Y. Yu, R. Tan, and W. Song (2018). Preparation and Cold Welding of Silver Nanowire Based Transparent Electrodes with Optical Transmittances > 90% and Sheet Resistances < 10 Ohm/Sq. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 512; 208–218
Xue, J., T. Wu, Y. Dai, and Y. Xia (2019). Electrospinning and Electrospun Nanofibers: Methods, Materials, and Applications. Chemical Reviews, 119(8); 5298–5415
Yang, Y., S. Duan, and H. Zhao (2022). Advances in Constructing Silver Nanowire-Based Conductive Pathways for Flexible and Stretchable Electronics. Nanoscale, 14(32); 11484–11511
Yang, Y., Z. Zhang, M. Wan, Z. Wang, X. Zou, Y. Zhao, and L. Sun (2020). A Facile Method for the Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles Surface Decorated Polyvinyl Alcohol Electrospun Nanofibers and Controllable Antibacterial Activities. Polymers, 12(11); 2486
Zhang, P., I. Wyman, J. Hu, S. Lin, Z. Zhong, Y. Tu, Z. Huang, and Y. Wei (2017). Silver Nanowires: Synthesis Technologies, Growth Mechanism and Multifunctional Applications. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 223; 1–23
Zhang, W., P. Chen, Q. Gao, Y. Zhang, and Y. Tang (2008). High-Concentration Preparation of Silver Nanowires: Restraining In Situ Nitric Acidic Etching by Steel-Assisted Polyol Method. Chemistry of Materials, 20(5); 1699–1704
Zhang, X., B. Liu, C. Hu, S. Chen, X. Liu, J. Liu, F. Chen, J. Chen, and F. Xie (2020). A Facile Method in Removal of PVP Ligands from Silver Nanowires for High Performance and Reusable SERS Substrate. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 228; 117733
Zhang, X., J. Wu, J. Wang, Q. Yang, B. Zhang, and Z. Xie (2016). Low-temperature All-solution-processed Transparent Silver Nanowire-Polymer/AZO Nanoparticles Composite Electrodes for Efficient ITO-free Polymer Solar Cells. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 8(50); 34630–34637
Zhao, H., H. Yilmaz, C. J. Williams, A. S. Eggeman, and B. Derby (2022). Influence of Twin Boundaries and Sample Dimensions on the Mechanical Behavior of Ag Nanowires. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 829; 142150
Authors
Junaidi, Pritiwi, I., Puspitasari, D. ., Alvia, A., Adelia, F. ., Aprilia, R. S. ., Firdaus, I., Yulianti, Y., Supriyanto, A. ., Satria, H., & Hadi, S. (2026). Enhanced Growth Control of Silver Nanowires Through Silver Nitrate Concentration for the Optical, Thermal, Crystal Structure, and Morphology Properties. Science and Technology Indonesia, 11(4), 1646–1658. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2026.11.4.1646-1658
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