Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Endophytic Fungi Extracts of Syzygium zeylanicum
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Keywords:
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Antibacterial Activity, Antioxidant Activity, Endophytic Fungi, Syzygium zeylanicum
Abstract
Syzygium zeylanicum, one of the other therapeutic plants found in Indonesia, is used to treat various ailments, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, arthritis, antidiabetic, mosquitocidal, antitumor, and anti-rheumatic agents. The massive use of plant extracts has caused the development of isolation of bioactive compounds thru their endophytic. The present research aimed to obtain endophytic fungal isolates from the stem bark and leaves of Jambu nasi-nasi (S. zeylanicum) and analyze endophytic fungal extracts’ antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Endophyte identification was performed morphologically, and isolates with high biological activity were molecularly characterized. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by the disc diffusion method, and the antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH method. In total, 10 endophytic fungi were isolated and identified as Phialemonium sp. (Code SZT3), Acremonium sp. (Code SZT4), Trichoderma aureoviridae (Code SZT5), Trichoderma koningi (Code SZT7), Phytium torulosum (Code SZL1), Phytium zingiberum (Code SZL2), Septonema sp. (Code SZL3), Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae (Code SZL4), Volutella cilliata (SZL5), and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Code SZL7). Isolate SZL4 gave activity the highest antioxidant (IC50 = 3.30 ????g/mL) and strong antibacterial activity against four pathogens bacterial (S. thypi, B. subtilis, S. aureus, and E. coli). The potential endophytic fungi based on molecular analysis was Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae with accession number OK668257. These endophytic fungi can be developed into new sources of antibacterial and antioxidant bioactive compounds through further studies.
References
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Kapoor, N. and S. Saxena (2014). Potential Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of Endophytic Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 173(6); 1360–1374
Kaul, S., S. Gupta, M. Ahmed, and M. K. Dhar (2012). Endophytic Fungi from Medicinal Plants: a Treasure Hunt for Bioactive Metabolites. Phytochemistry Reviews, 11(4); 487–505
Khare, E., J. Mishra, and N. K. Arora (2018). Multifaceted Interactions Between Endophytes and Plant: Developments and Prospects. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9; 2732
Kumar, V., R. Soni, L. Jain, B. Dash, and R. Goel (2019). Endophytic Fungi: Recent Advances in Identification and Explorations. Advances in Endophytic Fungal Research; 267–281
Li, Y., D. Kong, Y. Fu, M. R. Sussman, and H. Wu (2020). The Effect of Developmental and Environmental Factors on Secondary Metabolites in Medicinal Plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 148; 80–89
Lu, Y., C. Chen, H. Chen, J. Zhang, and W. Chen (2012). Isolation and Identification of Endophytic Fungi from Actinidia macrosperma and Investigation of Their Bioactivities. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012; 1–8
Mane, R. S., P. M. Paarakh, and A. B. Vedamurthy (2018). Brief Review on Fungal Endophytes. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 5(4); 288–303
Manyi-Loh, C., S. Mamphweli, E. Meyer, and A. Okoh (2018). Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and its Consequential Resistance in Environmental Sources: Potential Public Health Implications. Molecules, 23(4); 795
Martelli, G. and D. Giacomini (2018). Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities for Natural and Synthetic Dual-Active Compounds. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 158; 91–105
Mbekou, M. I. K., D. Dize, V. L. Yimgang, F. Djague, R. M. K. Toghueo, N. Sewald, B. N. Lenta, and F. F. Boyom (2021). Antibacterial and Mode of Action of Extracts from Endophytic Fungi Derived from Terminalia mantaly, Terminalia catappa, and Cananga odorata. BioMed research international, 2021
Metasari, S., E. Elta, M. Muharni, and H. Yohandini (2020). Antioxidant Compounds from The Stem Bark of Syzygium samarangense L. Molekul, 15(3); 175–183
Nei, M. and S. Kumar (2000). Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics. Oxford University Press, USA
Omoarelojie, L. O. and J. Van Staden (2020). Plant-Endophytic Fungi Interactions: a Strigolactone Perspective. South African Journal of Botany, 134; 280–284
Oset-Gasque, M. J. and J. Marco-Contelles (2018). Alzheimer’s Disease, The “One-Molecule, One-Target” Paradigm, and The Multitarget Directed Ligand Approach. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 9(3); 401–403
Pandey, G., K. Verma, and M. Singh (2014). Evaluation of Phytochemical, Antibacterial and Free Radical Scavenging Properties of Azadirachta indica (Neem) Leaves. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(2); 444–447
Pavithra, K. and S. Vadivukkarasi (2015). Evaluation of Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Various Extracts of Leaves from Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn. Food Science and Human Wellness, 4(1); 42–46
Phaniendra, A., D. B. Jestadi, and L. Periyasamy (2015). Free Radicals: Properties, Sources, Targets, and Their Implication in Various Diseases. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 30(1); 11–26
Pitt, J. I. and A. D. Hocking (2009). The Ecology of Fungal Food Spoilage. In Fungi and Food Spoilage. Springer;3–9
Praptiwi, R. M., D. Wulansari, A. Fathoni, and A. Agusta (2018). Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Endophytic Fungi Extracts of Medicinal Plants from Central Sulawesi. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 8(08); 069–074
Sadeghi, F., D. Samsampour, M. A. Seyahooei, A. Bagheri, and J. Soltani (2019). Diversity and Spatiotemporal Distribution of Fungal Endophytes Associated with Citrus reticulata Cv. Siyahoo. Current Microbiology, 76(3); 279–289
Segaran, G. and M. Sathiavelu (2019). Fungal Endophytes: a Potent Biocontrol Agent and a Bioactive Metabolites Reservoir. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 21; 101284
Shannon, C. and V. Weiner (1949). A Mathematical Theory of Communication University Press. Illinois Urban, 1; 101-107
Sharma, G. N., G. Gupta, and P. Sharma (2018). A Comprehensive Review of Free Radicals, Antioxidants, and Their Relationship with Human Ailments. Critical Reviews™ in Eukaryotic Gene Expression, 28(2)
Simpson, E. H. (1949). Measurement of Diversity. Nature, 163(4148); 688–688
Syarifah, S., E. Elta, H. Widjajanti, A. Setiawan, and A. R. Kurniawati (2021). Diversity of Endophytic Fungi from The Root Bark of Syzygium zeylanicum, and The Antibacterial Activity of Fungal Extracts, and Secondary Metabolite. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 22(10); 4572–4582
Tamura, K., G. Stecher, and S. Kumar (2021). MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 38(7); 3022–3027
Teodoro, A. J. (2019). Bioactive Compounds of Food: Their Role in The Prevention and Treatment of Diseases
Uzma, F., C. D. Mohan, C. N. Siddaiah, and S. Chowdappa (2019). Endophytic Fungi: Promising Source of Novel Bioactive Compounds. In Advances in Endophytic Fungal Research. Springer; 243–265
Vinodkumar, T. G. (2015). Leaf Essential Oil Composition of Six Syzygium Species from The Western Ghats, South India. Records of Natural Products, 9(4); 592
Walsh, T. J., R. T. Hayden, and D. H. Larone (2018). Larone’s Medically Important Fungi: a Guide to Identication. John Wiley & Sons
Watanabe, T. (2002). Pictorial Atlas of Soil and Seed Fungi: Morphologies of Cultured Fungi and Key to Species. CRC press
Wei, W., N. Jiang, Y. N. Mei, Y. L. Chu, H. M. Ge, Y. C. Song, S. W. Ng, and R. X. Tan (2014). An Antibacterial Metabolite from Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae F2. Phytochemistry, 100; 103–109
Yuan, Z., Y. Tian, F. He, and H. Zhou (2019). Endophytes from Ginkgo biloba and Their Secondary Metabolites. Chinese Medicine, 14(1); 1–40
Zhao, J., L. Zhou, J. Wang, T. Shan, L. Zhong, X. Liu, and X. Gao (2010). Endophytic Fungi for Producing Bioactive Compounds Originally from Their Host Plants. Curr Res, Technol Educ Trop Appl Microbiol Microbial Biotechnol, 1; 567–576
Anoop, M. and A. Bindu (2014). Pharmacognostic and Physico-Chemical Studies on Leaves of Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 6(4); 685–689
Anoop, M. and A. Bindu (2015). In-Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity Studies on Syzygium zeylanicum (L) DC Leaves. International Journal of pharma research & review, 4(8); 18–27
Bhardwaj, A. and P. Agrawal (2014). A Review Fungal Endophytes: as a Store House of Bioactive Compound. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(9); 228–237
Bittencourt, M. L., P. R. Ribeiro, R. L. Franco, H. W. Hilhorst, R. D. de Castro, and L. G. Fernandez (2015). Metabolite Profiling, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Brazilian Propolis: Use of Correlation and Multivariate Analyses to Identify Potential Bioactive Compounds. Food Research International, 76; 449–457
Budiono, B., E. Elfita, M. Muharni, H. Yohandini, and H. Widjajanti (2019). Antioxidant Activity of Syzygium samarangense L. and Their Endophytic Fungi. Molekul, 14(1); 48–55
Deepika, N., J. Saranya, P. Eganathan, and P. Sujanapal (2014). Antimicrobial Activity of Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC. and Syzygium Hemisphericum (Walp.) Alston. Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature, 4(2); 120–124
Dioguardi, M., V. Crincoli, L. Laino, M. Alovisi, D. Sovereto, F. Mastrangelo, L. Lo Russo, and L. Lo Muzio (2020). The Role of Periodontitis and Periodontal Bacteria in The Onset and Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease: a Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(2); 495
Dissanayake, A. J., W. Zhang, L. Mei, E. Chukeatirote, J. Y. Yan, X. Li, and K. D. Hyde (2015). Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae Causes Pedicel and Peduncle Discolouration of Grapes in China. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, 10(1); 1–5
Elfita, E., Mardiyanto, Fitrya, J. E. Larasati, Julinar, H. Widjajanti, and Muharni (2019). Antibacterial Activity of Cordyline fruticosaLeaf Extracts and its Endophytic Fungi Extracts. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 20(12); 3804-3812
Fadhillah, F., Elfita, Muharni, H. Yohandini, and H. Widjajanti (2019). Chemical Compound Isolated from Antioxidant Active Extract of Endophytic Fungus Cladosporium tenuissimum in Swietenia mahagoni Leaf Stalks. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 20(9); 2645–2650
Figueiredo, A. C., J. G. Barroso, L. G. Pedro, and J. J. Scheer (2008). Factors Affecting Secondary Metabolite Production in Plants: Volatile Components and Essential Oils. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 23(4); 213–226
Gazis, R. and P. Chaverri (2010). Diversity of Fungal Endophytes in Leaves and Stems of Wild Rubber Trees (Hevea brasiliensis) in Peru. Fungal Ecology, 3(3); 240–254
Habisukan, U. H., E. Elfita, H. Widjajanti, A. Setiawan, and A. R. Kurniawati (2021). Diversity of Endophytic Fungi in Syzygium aqueum. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 22(3); 1129–1137
Hammer, Ø., D. A. Harper, and P. D. Ryan (2001). PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica, 4(1); 9
Hanin, N. A. and P. D. Fitriasari (2019). Identification of Endophytic Fungi from Fruits and Seeds of Jambolana (Syzygium cumini L.) Skeels. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 276; 012060
Herlinda, S., M. Gustianingtyas, S. Suwandi, R. Suharjo, J. M. P. Sari, and R. P. Lestari (2021). Endophytic Fungi Confirmed as Entomopathogens of The New Invasive Pest, The Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Infesting Maize in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 31(1); 1–13
Jia, M., L. Chen, H. L. Xin, C. J. Zheng, K. Rahman, T. Han, and L. P. Qin (2016). A Friendly Relationship Between Endophytic Fungi and Medicinal Plants: a Systematic Review. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7; 906
Kapoor, N. and S. Saxena (2014). Potential Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of Endophytic Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 173(6); 1360–1374
Kaul, S., S. Gupta, M. Ahmed, and M. K. Dhar (2012). Endophytic Fungi from Medicinal Plants: a Treasure Hunt for Bioactive Metabolites. Phytochemistry Reviews, 11(4); 487–505
Khare, E., J. Mishra, and N. K. Arora (2018). Multifaceted Interactions Between Endophytes and Plant: Developments and Prospects. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9; 2732
Kumar, V., R. Soni, L. Jain, B. Dash, and R. Goel (2019). Endophytic Fungi: Recent Advances in Identification and Explorations. Advances in Endophytic Fungal Research; 267–281
Li, Y., D. Kong, Y. Fu, M. R. Sussman, and H. Wu (2020). The Effect of Developmental and Environmental Factors on Secondary Metabolites in Medicinal Plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 148; 80–89
Lu, Y., C. Chen, H. Chen, J. Zhang, and W. Chen (2012). Isolation and Identification of Endophytic Fungi from Actinidia macrosperma and Investigation of Their Bioactivities. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012; 1–8
Mane, R. S., P. M. Paarakh, and A. B. Vedamurthy (2018). Brief Review on Fungal Endophytes. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 5(4); 288–303
Manyi-Loh, C., S. Mamphweli, E. Meyer, and A. Okoh (2018). Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and its Consequential Resistance in Environmental Sources: Potential Public Health Implications. Molecules, 23(4); 795
Martelli, G. and D. Giacomini (2018). Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities for Natural and Synthetic Dual-Active Compounds. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 158; 91–105
Mbekou, M. I. K., D. Dize, V. L. Yimgang, F. Djague, R. M. K. Toghueo, N. Sewald, B. N. Lenta, and F. F. Boyom (2021). Antibacterial and Mode of Action of Extracts from Endophytic Fungi Derived from Terminalia mantaly, Terminalia catappa, and Cananga odorata. BioMed research international, 2021
Metasari, S., E. Elta, M. Muharni, and H. Yohandini (2020). Antioxidant Compounds from The Stem Bark of Syzygium samarangense L. Molekul, 15(3); 175–183
Nei, M. and S. Kumar (2000). Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics. Oxford University Press, USA
Omoarelojie, L. O. and J. Van Staden (2020). Plant-Endophytic Fungi Interactions: a Strigolactone Perspective. South African Journal of Botany, 134; 280–284
Oset-Gasque, M. J. and J. Marco-Contelles (2018). Alzheimer’s Disease, The “One-Molecule, One-Target” Paradigm, and The Multitarget Directed Ligand Approach. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 9(3); 401–403
Pandey, G., K. Verma, and M. Singh (2014). Evaluation of Phytochemical, Antibacterial and Free Radical Scavenging Properties of Azadirachta indica (Neem) Leaves. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(2); 444–447
Pavithra, K. and S. Vadivukkarasi (2015). Evaluation of Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Various Extracts of Leaves from Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn. Food Science and Human Wellness, 4(1); 42–46
Phaniendra, A., D. B. Jestadi, and L. Periyasamy (2015). Free Radicals: Properties, Sources, Targets, and Their Implication in Various Diseases. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 30(1); 11–26
Pitt, J. I. and A. D. Hocking (2009). The Ecology of Fungal Food Spoilage. In Fungi and Food Spoilage. Springer;3–9
Praptiwi, R. M., D. Wulansari, A. Fathoni, and A. Agusta (2018). Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Endophytic Fungi Extracts of Medicinal Plants from Central Sulawesi. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 8(08); 069–074
Sadeghi, F., D. Samsampour, M. A. Seyahooei, A. Bagheri, and J. Soltani (2019). Diversity and Spatiotemporal Distribution of Fungal Endophytes Associated with Citrus reticulata Cv. Siyahoo. Current Microbiology, 76(3); 279–289
Segaran, G. and M. Sathiavelu (2019). Fungal Endophytes: a Potent Biocontrol Agent and a Bioactive Metabolites Reservoir. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 21; 101284
Shannon, C. and V. Weiner (1949). A Mathematical Theory of Communication University Press. Illinois Urban, 1; 101-107
Sharma, G. N., G. Gupta, and P. Sharma (2018). A Comprehensive Review of Free Radicals, Antioxidants, and Their Relationship with Human Ailments. Critical Reviews™ in Eukaryotic Gene Expression, 28(2)
Simpson, E. H. (1949). Measurement of Diversity. Nature, 163(4148); 688–688
Syarifah, S., E. Elta, H. Widjajanti, A. Setiawan, and A. R. Kurniawati (2021). Diversity of Endophytic Fungi from The Root Bark of Syzygium zeylanicum, and The Antibacterial Activity of Fungal Extracts, and Secondary Metabolite. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 22(10); 4572–4582
Tamura, K., G. Stecher, and S. Kumar (2021). MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 38(7); 3022–3027
Teodoro, A. J. (2019). Bioactive Compounds of Food: Their Role in The Prevention and Treatment of Diseases
Uzma, F., C. D. Mohan, C. N. Siddaiah, and S. Chowdappa (2019). Endophytic Fungi: Promising Source of Novel Bioactive Compounds. In Advances in Endophytic Fungal Research. Springer; 243–265
Vinodkumar, T. G. (2015). Leaf Essential Oil Composition of Six Syzygium Species from The Western Ghats, South India. Records of Natural Products, 9(4); 592
Walsh, T. J., R. T. Hayden, and D. H. Larone (2018). Larone’s Medically Important Fungi: a Guide to Identication. John Wiley & Sons
Watanabe, T. (2002). Pictorial Atlas of Soil and Seed Fungi: Morphologies of Cultured Fungi and Key to Species. CRC press
Wei, W., N. Jiang, Y. N. Mei, Y. L. Chu, H. M. Ge, Y. C. Song, S. W. Ng, and R. X. Tan (2014). An Antibacterial Metabolite from Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae F2. Phytochemistry, 100; 103–109
Yuan, Z., Y. Tian, F. He, and H. Zhou (2019). Endophytes from Ginkgo biloba and Their Secondary Metabolites. Chinese Medicine, 14(1); 1–40
Zhao, J., L. Zhou, J. Wang, T. Shan, L. Zhong, X. Liu, and X. Gao (2010). Endophytic Fungi for Producing Bioactive Compounds Originally from Their Host Plants. Curr Res, Technol Educ Trop Appl Microbiol Microbial Biotechnol, 1; 567–576
Authors
Syarifah, Elfita, Widjajanti, H., Setiawan, A., & Rahma Kurniawati, A. (2022). Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Endophytic Fungi Extracts of Syzygium zeylanicum. Science and Technology Indonesia, 7(3), 303–312. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2022.7.3.303-312
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