An Updated Water Masses Stratification of Indonesian Maritime Continent (IMC) Attributed to Normal and ENSO Conditions by Argo Float
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Keywords:
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ITF, Sea Stratification, Argo Float, Density Profiles, ENSO
Abstract
The tropical area of the Indonesian Maritime Continent (IMC) is frequently regulated by El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), resulting in various water mass stratification in every climate event, such as El Niño and La Niña occurrences. As a consequence, changes in the typical Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) are linked to ENSO circumstances that affect the Indian Ocean. This study used Argo float data to evaluate the change in water mass stratification and vertical density profiles along the main pathway of ITF at each event. However, due to a scarcity of observation data, the comparison study of normal to ENSO occurrences has been limited in the ITF area. In typical circumstances throughout the year, the entrance channel (the western Pacific Ocean, the northern waters of Molucca Island, and the Halmahera Sea) had a higher saline value and cooler water masses than other ITF channels, with a range of roughly 33.5 - 35.5 PSU/13 - 22 ◦C, particularly during the Northwest (NW) Monsoon (December to February or DJF). Unlike the inlet, the Temperature-Salinity (T-S) diagram showed a declining value in both parameters (Celebes Sea, Makassar Strait, and Molucca Sea). Still, the outflow pathway in the Southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO) showed a rising T-S diagram. During La Niña events, IMC water masses are often portrayed as fresher and warmer, while reverse circumstances are depicted in El Niño events with exclusion at SETIO station, indicating saltier and colder water masses than normal conditions. An extreme alteration with a large T-S range is mostly depicted in Makassar Strait from Southeast (SE) monsoon (September to November or SON) to NW monsoon, followed by the Banda Sea and then the Molucca Sea.
References
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Bahiyah, A., A. Wirasatriya, J. Marwoto, and D. A. Anugrah (2019). Study of Seasonal Variation of Sea Surface Salinity in Java Sea and Its Surrounding Seas Using SMAP Satellite. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, volume 246. IOP Publishing, page 012043
Banzon, V., T. M. Smith, T. M. Chin, C. Liu, and W. Hankins (2016). A Long-Term Record of Blended Satellite and in Situ Sea-Surface Temperature for Climate Monitoring, Modeling and Environmental Studies. Earth System Science Data, 8(1); 165–176
de Boyer Montégut, C., J. Mignot, A. Lazar, and S. Cravatte (2007). Control of Salinity on the Mixed Layer Depth in the World Ocean: 1. General Description. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 112(C6); 1–12
Drushka, K., J. Sprintall, S. T. Gille, and I. Brodjonegoro (2010). Vertical Structure of Kelvin Waves in the Indonesian Throughflow Exit Passages. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 40(9); 1965–1987
Drushka, K., J. Sprintall, S. T. Gille, and S. Wijffels (2012). In Situ Observations of Madden-Julian Oscillation Mixed Layer Dynamics in the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans. Journal of Climate, 25(7); 2306–2328
Feng, M., N. Zhang, Q. Liu, and S. Wijffels (2018). The Indonesian Throughflow, Its Variability and Centennial Change. Geoscience Letters, 5(1); 1–10
Gordon, A. L. (1986). Interocean Exchange of Thermocline Water. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 91(C4); 5037–5046
Gordon, A. L. (2005). Oceanography of the Indonesian Seas and Their Throughflow. Oceanography, 18(4); 14–27
Gordon, A. L. and R. A. Fine (1996). Pathways of Water between the Pacific and Indian Oceans in the Indonesian Seas. Nature, 379(6561); 146–149
Gordon, A. L., J. Sprintall, H. M. Van Aken, D. Susanto, S. Wijffels, R. Molcard, A. Ffield, W. Pranowo, and S. Wirasantosa (2010). The Indonesian Throughflow during 2004-2006 As Observed by the INSTANT Program. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 50(2); 115–128
Gordon, A. L. and R. D. Susanto (2001). Banda Sea Surface-Layer Divergence. Ocean Dynamics, 52; 2–10
Guo, Y., Y. Li, L. Cheng, G. Chen, Q. Liu, T. Tian, S. Hu, J. Wang, and F. Wang (2023). An Updated Estimate of the Indonesian Throughflow Geostrophic Transport: Interannual Variability and Salinity Effect. Geophysical Research Letters, 50(13); 103748
Halkides, D., T. Lee, and S. Kida (2011). Mechanisms Controlling the Seasonal Mixed-Layer Temperature and Salinity of the Indonesian Seas. Ocean Dynamics, 61(4); 481–495
Holte, J., L. D. Talley, J. Gilson, and D. Roemmich (2017). An Argo Mixed Layer Climatology and Database. Geophysical Research Letters, 44(11); 5618–5626
Hosoda, S., T. Ohira, K. Sato, and T. Suga (2010). Improved Description of Global Mixed-Layer Depth Using Argo Profiling Floats. Journal of Oceanography, 66; 773–787
Hu, S. and J. Sprintall (2016). Interannual Variability of the Indonesian Throughflow: The Salinity Effect. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121(4); 2596–2615
Hu, S., Y. Zhang, M. Feng, Y. Du, J. Sprintall, F. Wang, D. Hu, Q. Xie, and F. Chai (2019). Interannual to Decadal Variability of Upper-Ocean Salinity in the Southern Indian Ocean and the Role of the Indonesian Throughflow. Journal of Climate, 32(19); 6403–6421
Iskandar, I. (2010). Seasonal and Interannual Patterns of Sea Surface Temperature in Banda Sea As Revealed by Self-Organizing Map. Continental Shelf Research, 30(9); 1136–1148
Iskandar, I., D. Lestari, P. Utari, Q. Sari, D. Setiabudidaya, and W. Mardiansyah (2018). How Strong Was the 2015/2016 El Niño Event? In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, volume 1011. IOP Publishing, page 012030
Iskandar, I., D. O. Lestrai, and M. Nur (2019). Impact of El Niño and El Niño Modoki Events on Indonesian Rainfall. Makara Journal of Science, 23(4); 7
Iskandar, I., P. A. Utari, D. O. Lestari, Q. W. Sari, D. Setiabudidaya, M. Khakim, I. Yustian, and Z. Dahlan (2017). Evolution of 2015/2016 El Niño and Its Impact on Indonesia. In AIP Conference Proceedings, volume 1857. AIP Publishing
Iskandar, M. R. and T. Suga (2022). Change in Salinity of Indonesian Upper Water in the Southeastern Indian Ocean during Argo Period. Heliyon, 8(9); 1–12
Ismail, M., A. Taofiqurohman, and A. Purwandana (2020). Circulation Dynamics of the Banda Sea Estimated from Argo Profiles. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, volume 584. IOP Publishing, page 012017
Jin, X. and J. S. Wright (2020). Contributions of Indonesian Throughflow to Eastern Indian Ocean Surface Variability during ENSO Events. Atmospheric Science Letters, 21(8); 979
Kara, A. B., P. A. Rochford, and H. E. Hurlburt (2000). An Optimal Definition for Ocean Mixed Layer Depth. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 105(C7); 16803–16821
Keerthi, M. G., M. Lengaigne, J. Vialard, C. de Boyer Montégut, and P. M. Muraleedharan (2013). Interannual Variability of the Tropical Indian Ocean Mixed Layer Depth. Climate Dynamics, 40; 743–759
Koch Larrouy, A., G. Madec, D. Iudicone, A. Atmadipoera, and R. Molcard (2008). Physical Processes Contributing to the Water Mass Transformation of the Indonesian Throughflow. Ocean Dynamics, 58; 275–288
Kusuma, D., A. Murdimanto, L. Aden, B. Sukresno, D. Jatisworo, and R. Hanintyo (2017). Sea Surface Temperature Dynamics in Indonesia. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, volume 98. IOP Publishing, page 012038
Lee, T., S. Fournier, A. L. Gordon, and J. Sprintall (2019). Maritime Continent Water Cycle Regulates Low-Latitude Chokepoint of Global Ocean Circulation. Nature Communications, 10(1); 2103
Lee, T., I. Fukumori, D. Menemenlis, Z. Xing, and L.-L. Fu (2002). Effects of the Indonesian Throughflow on the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32(5); 1404–1429
Lee, T. and M. J. McPhaden (2008). Decadal Phase Change in Large-Scale Sea Level and Winds in the Indo-Pacific Region at the End of the 20th Century. Geophysical Research Letters, 35(1); 1–7
Li, M., A. L. Gordon, L. K. Gruenburg, J. Wei, and S. Yang (2020). Interannual to Decadal Response of the Indonesian Throughflow Vertical Profile to Indo-Pacific Forcing. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(11); 87679
Lu, X., S. Hu, C. Guan, M. Li, J. Sprintall, and F. Wang (2023). Quantifying the Contribution of Salinity Effect to the Seasonal Variability of the Makassar Strait Throughflow. Geophysical Research Letters, 50(21); 105991
Makarim, S., J. Sprintall, Z. Liu, W. Yu, A. Santoso, X.-H. Yan, and R. D. Susanto (2019). Previously Unidentified Indonesian Throughflow Pathways and Freshening in the Indian Ocean during Recent Decades. Scientific Reports, 9(1); 7364
Mardiansyah, W., D. Setiabudidaya, M. Y. N. Khakim, I. Yustian, Z. Dahlan, and I. Iskandar (2018). On the Influence of ENSO and IOD on Rainfall Variability Over the Musi Basin, South Sumatra. Science and Technology Indonesia, 3(4); 157–163
McCreary, J. P., T. Miyama, R. Furue, T. Jensen, H.-W. Kang, B. Bang, and T. Qu (2007). Interactions between the Indonesian Throughflow and Circulations in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Progress in Oceanography, 75(1); 70–114
Meehl, G. A. (1987). The Annual Cycle and Interannual Variability in the Tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean Regions. Monthly Weather Review, 115(1); 27–50
Napitu, A. M., A. L. Gordon, and K. Pujiana (2015). Intraseasonal Sea Surface Temperature Variability across the Indonesian Seas. Journal of Climate, 28(22); 8710–8727
Potemra, J. T. and N. Schneider (2007). Influence of Low-Frequency Indonesian Throughflow Transport on Temperatures in the Indian Ocean in a Coupled Model. Journal of Climate, 20(7); 1339–1352
Santoso, A., M. H. England, J. B. Kajtar, and W. Cai (2022). Indonesian Throughflow Variability and Linkage to ENSO and IOD in an Ensemble of CMIP5 Models. Journal of Climate, 35(10); 3161–3178
Setiawan, R., A. Wirasatriya, U. Hernawan, S. Leung, and I. Iskandar (2020). Spatio-Temporal Variability of Surface Chlorophyll-a in the Halmahera Sea and Its Relation to ENSO and the Indian Ocean Dipole. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 41(1); 284–299
Setiawan, R. Y., Q. W. Sari, D. Setiabudidaya, N. Kurniawati, I. Iskandar, and E. Siswanto (2021). Surface Chlorophyll-A Variations along the Southern Coast of Java during Two Contrasting Indian Ocean Dipole Events: 2015 and 2016. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 16(3); 116–127
Siswanto, F., D. Setiabudidaya, and I. Iskandar (2021). Surface Chlorophyll-a Variations along the Southern Coast of Java during Two Contrasting Indian Ocean Dipole Events: 2015 and 2016. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 16(3); 116–127
Song, Q. and A. L. Gordon (2004). Significance of the Vertical Profile of the Indonesian Throughflow Transport to the Indian Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 31(16); 1–4
Sprintall, J., A. L. Gordon, A. Koch Larrouy, T. Lee, J. T. Potemra, K. Pujiana, and S. E. Wijffels (2014). The Indonesian Seas and Their Role in the Coupled Ocean-Climate System. Nature Geoscience, 7(7); 487–492
Sprintall, J., A. L. Gordon, S. E. Wijffels, M. Feng, S. Hu, A. Koch Larrouy, H. Phillips, D. Nugroho, A. Napitu, and K. Pujiana (2019). Detecting Change in the Indonesian Seas. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6; 257
Sprintall, J. and A. Révelard (2014). The Indonesian Throughflow Response to Indo-Pacific Climate Variability. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119(2); 1161–1175
Sprintall, J. and M. Tomczak (1992). Evidence of the Barrier Layer in the Surface Layer of the Tropics. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 97(C5); 7305–7316
Sprintall, J., S. E. Wijffels, R. Molcard, and I. Jaya (2009). Direct Estimates of the Indonesian Throughflow Entering the Indian Ocean: 2004-2006. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 114(C7); 1–19
Suhadi, Supari, I. Iskandar, M. Irfan, and H. Akhsan (2023). Drought Assessment in Aceh and North Sumatra Using Effective Drought Index. Science and Technology Indonesia, 8(2); 259–264
Supari, F. Tangang, E. Salimun, E. Aldrian, A. Sopaheluwakan, and L. Juneng (2018). ENSO Modulation of Seasonal Rainfall and Extremes in Indonesia. Climate Dynamics, 51(7-8); 2559–2580
Syamsuddin, M. L., S.-I. Saitoh, T. Hirawake, S. Bachri, and A. B. Harto (2013). Effects of El Niño Southern Oscillation events on catches of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the eastern Indian Ocean off Java. Fishery Bulletin, 111(2); 175–188
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Authors
Bahiyah, A., Wirasatriya, A., Mardiansyah, W., & Iskandar, I. (2024). An Updated Water Masses Stratification of Indonesian Maritime Continent (IMC) Attributed to Normal and ENSO Conditions by Argo Float. Science and Technology Indonesia, 9(2), 299–313. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2024.9.2.299-313
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